tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10359373818430005782024-03-14T05:00:11.353-07:00PurchonSharing anythingPurchonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17594341849580468860noreply@blogger.comBlogger18125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1035937381843000578.post-57231152532498528032011-12-09T02:21:00.000-08:002011-12-09T02:21:19.155-08:00Askep Gangguan Sistem Perkemihan Pada Lansia<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">GANGGUAN PERKEMIHAN PADA LANSIA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENGERTIAN<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ginjal merupakan organ yang berbentuk seperti kacang, terletak retroperitoneal, di kedua sisi kolumna vertebralis daerah lumbal. Ginjal kanan sedikit lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan ginjal kiri karena tertekan ke bawah oleh hati. Kutub atasnya terletak setinggi kosta 12, sedangkan kutub atas ginjal kiri terletak setinggi kosta 11. Setiap ginjal terdiri dari 600.000 nefron. Nefron terdiri atas glomerulus dengan sebuah kapiler yang berfungsi sebagai filter. Penyaringan terjadi di dalam sel-sel epitelial yang menghubungkan setiap glomerulus.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ginjal merupakan organ terpenting dari tubuh manusia maka dari itu ginjal mempunyai beberapa fungsi seperti : mengatur keseimbangan cairan tubuh dan elektrolit dan asam basa dengan cara menyaring darah yang melalui ginjal, reabsorpsi selektif air, elektrolit dan non elektrolit, serta mengekskresikan kelebihannya sebagai kemih. Ginjal juga mengeluarkan sampah metabolisme (seperti urea, kreatinin, dan asam urat) dan zat kimia asing. Akhirnya selain regulasi dan ekskresi, ginjal juga mensekresi renin yang penting untuk mengatur tekanan darah, juga bentuk aktif vitamin D yaitu penting untuk mengatur kalsium, serta eritropoeitin yang penting untuk sintesis darah.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedua ureter merupakan saluran yang panjangnya 25 sampai 30 cm, yang berjalan dari ginjal sampai kandung kemih. Fungsi satu-satunya adalah menyalurkan kemih ke kandung kemih. Kandung kemih adalah salah satu kantong berotot yang dapat mengempis dan berdilatasi, terletak di belakang simpisis pubis. Kandung kemih memiliki 3 muara antara lain dua muara ureter dan satu muara uretra. Dua fungsi kandung kemih adalah sebagai tempat penyimpanan kemih dan mendorong kemih keluar dari tubuh melalui uretra. Uretra adalah saluran kecil yang dapat mengembang, yang berjalan dari kandung kemih sampai keluar tubuh. Panjangnya pada wanita sekitar 4 cm dan pada pria sekitar 20 cm.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan Sistem Ginjal Pada Lanjut Usia<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada lansia ginjal berukuran lebih kecil dibanding dengan ginjal pada usia muda. Pada usia 90 tahun beratnya berkurang 20-30% atau 110-150 gram bersamaan dengan pengurangan ukuran ginjal.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada studi kasus dari McLachlan dan Wasserman tentang panjang, luas dan kemampuan untuk berkembang dari ginjal yang mendapat urogram i.v, mereka menemukan bahwa panjang ginjal berkurang 0,5 cm per dekade setelah mencapai usia 50 tahun. Dengan bertambahnya usia, banyak jaringan yang hilang dari korteks ginjal, glomerulus dan tubulus. Jumlah total glomerulus berkurang 30-40% pada usia 80 tahun, dan permukaan glomerulus berkurang secara progresif setelah 40 tahun, dan yang terpenting adalah terjadi penambahan dari jumlah jaringan sklerotik. Meskipun kurang dari 1% glomerulus sklerotik pada usia muda, persentase ini meningkat 10-30% pada usia 80 tahun.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat beberapa perubahan pada pembuluh darah ginjal pada lansia. Pada korteks ginjal, arteri aferen dan eferen cenderung untuk atrofi yang berarti terjadi pengurangan jumlah darah yang terdapat di glomerulus. Atrofi arteri aferen dan eferen pada jukstaglomerulus terjadi tidak simetris sehingga timbul fistel. Jadi ketika aliran darah di korteks berkurang, aliran di jukstaglomerular akan meningkat. Ini berpengaruh pada konsentrasi urin yang berkurang pada usia lanjut akibat gangguan pengaturan sistem keseimbangan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan aliran darah ginjal pada lanjut usia</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ginjal menerima sekitar 20% dari aliran darah jantung atau sekitar 1 liter per menit darah dari 40% hematokrit, plasma ginjal mengalir sekitar 600 ml/menit. Normalnya 20% dari plasma disaring di glomerulus dengan GFR 120 ml/menit atau sekitar 170 liter per hari. Penyaringan terjadi di tubular ginjal dengan lebih dari 99% yang terserap kembali meninggalkan pengeluaran urin terakhir 1-1,5 liter per hari.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari beberapa penelitian pada lansia yang telah dilakukan, memperlihatkan bahwa setelah usia 20 tahun terjadi penurunan aliran darah ginjal kira-kira 10% per dekade, sehingga aliran darah ginjal pada usia 80 tahun hanya menjadi sekitar 300 ml/menit. Pengurangan dari aliran darah ginjal terutama berasal dari korteks. Pengurangan aliran darah ginjal mungkin sebagai hasil dari kombinasi pengurangan curah jantung dan perubahan dari hilus besar, arcus aorta dan arteri interlobaris yang berhubungan dengan usia.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan fungsi ginjal pada lanjut usia</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada lansia banyak fungsi hemostasis dari ginjal yang berkurang, sehingga merupakan predisposisi untuk terjadinya gagal ginjal. Ginjal yang sudah tua tetap memiliki kemampuan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan cairan tubuh dan fungsi hemostasis, kecuali bila timbul beberapa penyakit yang dapat merusak ginjal.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Penurunan fungsi ginjal mulai terjadi pada saat seseorang mulai memasuki usia 30 tahun dan 60 tahun, fungsi ginjal menurun sampai 50% yang diakibatkan karena berkurangnya jumlah nefron dan tidak adanya kemampuan untuk regenerasi. Beberapa hal yang berkaitan dengan faal ginjal pada lanjut usia antara lain : (Cox, Jr dkk, 1985)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi konsentrasi dan pengenceran menurun.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keseimbangan elektrolit dan asam basa lebih mudah terganggu bila dibandingkan dengan usia muda.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ureum darah normal karena masukan protein terbatas dan produksi ureum yang menurun. Kreatinin darah normal karena produksi yang menurun serta massa otot yang berkurang. Maka yang paling tepat untuk menilai faal ginjal pada lanjut usia adalah dengan memeriksa Creatinine Clearance.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Renal Plasma Flow (RPF) dan Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) menurun sejak usia 30 tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan laju filtrasi glomerulus pada lanjut usia<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah satu indeks fungsi ginjal yang paling penting adalah laju filtrasi glomerulus (GFR). Pada usia lanjut terjadi penurunan GFR. Hal ini dapat disebabkan karena total aliran darah ginjal dan pengurangan dari ukuran dan jumlah glomerulus. Pada beberapa penelitian yang menggunakan bermacam-macam metode, menunjukkan bahwa GFR tetap stabil setelah usia remaja hingga usia 30-35 tahun, kemudian menurun hingga 8-10 ml/menit/1,73 m2/dekade.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penurunan bersihan kreatinin dengan usia tidak berhubungan dengan peningkatan konsentrasi kreatinin serum. Produksi kreatinin sehari-hari (dari pengeluaran kreatinin di urin) menurun sejalan dengan penurunan bersihan kreatinin.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menilai GFR/creatinine clearance rumus di bawah ini cukup akurat bila digunakan pada usia lanjut.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan pengaturan keseimbangan air pada lanjut usia</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan fungsi ginjal berhubungan dengan usia, dimana pada peningkatan usia maka pengaturan metabolisme air menjadi terganggu yang sering terjadi pada lanjut usia. Jumlah total air dalam tubuh menurun sejalan dengan peningkatan usia. Penurunan ini lebih berarti pada perempuan daripada laki-laki, prinsipnya adalah penurunan indeks massa tubuh karena terjadi peningkatan jumlah lemak dalam tubuh. Pada lanjut usia, untuk mensekresi sejumlah urin atau kehilangan air dapat meningkatkan osmolaritas cairan ekstraseluler dan menyebabkan penurunan volume yang mengakibatkan timbulnya rasa haus subjektif. Pusat-pusat yang mengatur perasaan haus timbul terletak pada daerah yang menghasilkan ADH di hypothalamus.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada lanjut usia, respon ginjal pada vasopressin berkurang biladibandingkan dengan usia muda yang menyebabkan konsentrasi urin juga berkurang, Kemampuan ginjal pada kelompok lanjut usia untuk mencairkan dan mengeluarkan kelebihan air tidak dievaluasi secara intensif. Orang dewasa sehat mengeluarkan 80% atau lebih dari air yang diminum (20 ml/kgBB) dalam 5 jam.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit ginjal dan traktus urinarius pada</span></i></b></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i></b></span><span class="apple-style-span"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">lanjut usia<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi saluran kemih</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi Saluran Kemih (ISK) adalah istilah umum yang dipakai untuk menyatakan adanya invasi mikroorganisme pada saluran kemih. Prevalensi ISK di masyarakat makin meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya usia. Pada usia 40-60 tahun mempunyai angka prevalensi 3,2 %, sedangkan pada usia sama atau di atas 65 tahun kira-kira mempunyai angka prevalensi ISK sebesar 20 %. Infeksi saluran kemih dapat mengenal baik laki-laki maupun wanita dari semua umur, baik anak-anak, remaja, dewasa maupun lanjut usia. Akan tetapi dari kedua jenis kelamin, ternyata wanita lebih sering dari pria dengan angka populasi umum, kurang lebih 5-15%.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menyatakan adanya ISK harus ditemukan bakteri dalam urin. Bakteriuria yang disertai dengan gejala pada saluran kemih disebut bakteriuria simptomatis. Sedangkan yang tanpa gejala disebut bakteriuria asimptomatis. Dikatakan bakteriuria positif pada pasien asimptomatis bila terdapat lebih dari 105 koloni bakteri dalam sampel urin midstream, sedangkan pada pasien simptomatis bisa terdapat jumlah koloni lebih rendah.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prevalensi ISK yang tinggi pada usia lanjut antara lain disebabkan karena:</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Sisa urin dalam kandung kemih meningkat akibat pengosongan kandung kemih kurang efektif. Mobilitas menurun.</span> <span class="apple-style-span">Pada usia lanjut nutrisi sering kurang baik.</span> <span class="apple-style-span">Sistem imunitas menurun, baik seluler maupun humoral.Adanya hambatan pada aliran urin.</span> <span class="apple-style-span">Hilangnya efek bakterisid dari sekresi prostat.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ETIOLOGI</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ISK pada usia lanjut dipandang dari segi penatalaksanaan sering dibedakan atas: </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ISK uncomplicated (simple)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ISK yang sederhana yang terjadi pada penderita dengan saluran kencing baik anatomi maupun fungsionil normal. ISK sederhana ini pada usia lanjut terutama mengenai penderita wanita dan infeksi hanya mengenai mukosa superfisial kandung kemih. Penyebab kuman tersering (90%) adalah E. coli.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ISK complicated</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sering menimbulkan banyak masalah karena sering kuman penyebab sulit diberantas, kuman penyebab sering resisten terhadap beberapa macam antibiotik, sering terjadi bakteriemia, sepsis, dan syok. Penyebab kuman pada ISK complicated adalah Pseudomonas, Proteus, dan Klebsiela. ISK complicated terjadi bila terdapat keadaan-keadaan sebagai berikut:</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelainan abnormal saluran kemih, misalnya batu (pada usia lanjut kemungkinan terjadinya batu lebih besar dari pada usia muda). Refleks vesiko urethral obstruksi, paraplegi, atoni kandung kemih, kateter kandung kemih menetap, serta prostatitis menahun.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="apple-style-span">Kelainan faal ginjal, baik gagal ginjal akut (GGA) maupun gagal ginjal kronis (GGK).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bermacam-macam mikroorganisme dapat menyebabkan ISK. Mikroorganisme yang paling sering adalah bakteri aerob. Saluran kemih normal tidak dihuni oleh bakteri atau mikroba lain, karena itu urin dalam ginjal dan buli-buli biasanya steril. Walaupun demikian uretra bagian bawah terutama pada wanita dapat dihuni oleh bakteri yang jumlahnya makin kurang pada bagian yang mendekati kandung kemih. Selain bakteri aerob, ISK juga dapat disebabkan oleh virus, ragi, dan jamur.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab terbanyak adalah Gram-negatif termasuk bakteri yang biasanya menghuni usus yang kemudian naik ke sistem saluran kemih. Dari Gram-negatif ternyata E.Coli menduduki tempat teratas, yang kemudian diikuti oleh Proteus, Klebsiela, Enterobacter, dan Pseudomonas.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis kokus Gram-positif lebih jarang sebagai penyebab ISK sedangkan entercoccus dan Staphylococcus aureus sering ditemukan pada pasien dengan batu saluran kemih, lelaki usia lanjut dengan hipertrofi prostat atau pada pasien yang menggunakan kateter. Bila ditemukan Staphylococcus aureus dalam urin harus dicurigai adanya infeksi hematogen melalui ginjal. Demikian juga Pseudomonas aeroginosa dapat menginfeksi saluran kemih melalui jalur hematogen dan pada kira-kira 25% pasien demam tifoid dapat diisolasi Salmonella pada urin. Bakteri lain yang dapat menyebabkan ISK melalui jalur hematogen ialah Brusella, Nokardia, Actinomyces dan Mycobacterium tuberculosae.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Virus juga sering ditemukan pada urin tanpa ada gejala ISK akut. Adenovirus tipe 11 dan 12 diduga sebagai penyebab sistitis hemoragik. Sisititis hemoragik dapat juga disebabkan oleh Schistosoma hematobium yang termasuk golongan cacing pipih. Candida merupakan jamur yang paling sering menyebabkan ISK terutama pada pasien dengan kateter, pasien DM atau yang mendapat pengobatan dengan antibiotik spektrum luas. Candida yang paling sering ialah Candida albicans dan Candida tropicalis. Semua jamur sistemik dapat menulari saluran kemih secara hematogen.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ANATOMI</span></b></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">FISIOLOGI</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Susunan Sistem Perkemihan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem perkemihan terdiri dari: a) dua ginjal (ren) yang menghasilkan urin, b) dua ureter yang membawa urin dari ginjal ke vesika urinaria (kandung kemih), c) satu vesika urinaria (VU), tempat urin dikumpulkan, dan d) satu urethra, urin dikeluarkan dari vesika urinaria.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ginjal (Ren)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ginjal terletak pada dinding posterior abdomen di belakang peritoneum pada kedua sisi vertebra thorakalis ke 12 sampai vertebra lumbalis ke-3. Bentuk ginjal seperti biji kacang. Ginjal kanan sedikit lebih rendah dari ginjal kiri, karena adanya lobus hepatis dexter yang besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi ginjal<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi ginjal adalah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">memegang peranan penting dalam pengeluaran zat-zat toksis atau racun.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mempertahankan suasana keseimbangan cairan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mempertahankan keseimbangan kadar asam dan basa dari cairan tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mengeluarkan sisa-sisa metabolisme akhir dari protein ureum, kreatinin dan amoniak.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fascia Renalis terdiri dari:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fascia renalis terdiri dari <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">fascia (fascia renalis)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jaringan lemak peri renal<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kapsula yang sebenarnya (kapsula fibrosa), meliputi dan melekat dengan erat pada permukaan luar ginjal<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktur Ginjal<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap ginjal terbungkus oleh selaput tipis yang disebut kapsula fibrosa, terdapat cortex renalis di bagian luar, yang berwarna cokelat gelap, dan medulla renalis di bagian dalam yang berwarna cokelat lebih terang dibandingkan cortex. Bagian medulla berbentuk kerucut yang disebut pyramides renalis, puncak kerucut tadi menghadap kaliks yang terdiri dari lubang-lubang kecil disebut papilla renalis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hilum adalah pinggir medial ginjal berbentuk konkaf sebagai pintu masuknya pembuluh darah, pembuluh limfe, ureter dan nervus.. Pelvis renalis berbentuk corong yang menerima urin yang diproduksi ginjal. Terbagi menjadi dua atau tiga calices renalis majores yang masing-masing akan bercabang menjadi dua atau tiga calices renalis minores.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktur halus ginjal terdiri dari banyak nefron yang merupakan unit fungsional ginjal. Diperkirakan ada 1 juta nefron dalam setiap ginjal. Nefron terdiri dari : Glomerulus, tubulus proximal, ansa henle, tubulus distal dan tubulus urinarius.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">GEJALA KLINIS</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala klinis ISK tidak khas dan bahkan pada sebagian pasien tanpa gejala. Gejala yang sering ditemukan ialah disuria, polakisuria, dan terdesak kencing yang biasanya terjadi bersamaan. Nyeri suprapubik dan daerah pelvis juga ditemukan. Polakisuria terjadi akibat kandung kemih tidak dapat menampung urin lebih dari 500 ml karena mukosa yang meradang sehingga sering kencing. Stranguria, tenesmus, nokturia, sering juga ditemukan enuresis nokturnal sekunder, prostatismus, nyeri uretra, kolik ureter dan ginjal. Gejala klinis ISK sesuai dengan bagian saluran kemih yang terinfeksi sebagai berikut</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Pada ISK bagian bawah, keluhan pasien biasanya berupa rasa sakit atau rasa panas di uretra sewaktu kencing dengan air kemih sedikit-sedikit serta rasa tidak enak di daerah suprapubik.</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Pada ISK bagian atas dapat ditemukan gejala sakit kepala, malaise, mual, muntah, demam, menggigil, rasa tidak enak, atau nyeri di pinggang.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN LABORATORIUM</span></b></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Urinalisis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukosuria</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Leukosuria atau piuria merupakan salah satu petunjuk penting terhadap dugaan adalah ISK. Dinyatakan positif bila terdapat > 5 leukosit/lapang pandang besar (LPB) sedimen air kemih. Adanya leukosit silinder pada sediment urin menunjukkan adanya keterlibatan ginjal. Namun adanya leukosuria tidak selalu menyatakan adanya ISK karena dapat pula dijumpai pada inflamasi tanpa infeksi.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hematuria</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Dipakai oleh beberapa peneliti sebagai petunjuk adanya ISK, yaitu bila dijumpai 5-10 eritrosit/LPB sedimen urin. Dapat juga disebabkan oleh berbagai keadaan patologis baik berupa kerusakan glomerulus ataupun oleh sebab lain misalnya urolitiasis, tumor ginjal, atau nekrosis papilaris.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bakteriologis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mikroskopis</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Dapat digunakan urin segar tanpa diputar atau tanpa pewarnaan gram. Dinyatakan positif bila dijumpai 1 bakteri /lapangan pandang minyak emersi.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biakan bakteri</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimaksudkan untuk memastikan diagnosis ISK yaitu bila ditemukan bakteri dalam jumlah bermakna sesuai dengan criteria Cattell, 1996:</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="apple-style-span">Wanita, simtomatik</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">102 organisme koliform/ml urin plus piuria, atau</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">105 organisme pathogen apapun/ml urin, atau</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="apple-style-span">Adanya pertumbuhan organisme pathogen apapun pada urin yang diambil dengan cara aspirasi suprapubik</span> <span class="apple-style-span">Laki-laki, simtomatik<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">103 organisme patogen/ml urin</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="apple-style-span">Pasien asimtomatik</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">105 organisme patogen/ml urin pada 2 contoh urin berurutan.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tes kimiawi</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yang paling sering dipakai ialah tes reduksi griess nitrate. Dasarnya adalah sebagian besar mikroba kecuali enterokoki, mereduksi nitrat bila dijumpai lebih dari 100.000 - 1.000.000 bakteri. Konversi ini dapat dijumpai dengan perubahan warna pada uji tarik. Sensitivitas 90,7% dan spesifisitas 99,1% untuk mendeteksi Gram-negatif. Hasil palsu terjadi bila pasien sebelumnya diet rendah nitrat, diuresis banyak, infeksi oleh enterokoki dan asinetobakter.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tes Plat-Celup (Dip-slide)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lempeng plastik bertangkai dimana kedua sisi permukaannya dilapisi perbenihan padat khusus dicelupkan ke dalam urin pasien atau dengan digenangi urin. Setelah itu lempeng dimasukkan kembali ke dalam tabung plastik tempat penyimpanan semula, lalu dilakukan pengeraman semalaman pada suhu 37° C. Penentuan jumlah kuman/ml dilakukan dengan membandingkan pola pertumbuhan pada lempeng perbenihan dengan serangkaian gambar yang memperlihatkan keadaan kepadatan koloni yang sesuai dengan jumlah kuman antara 1000 dan 10.000.000 dalam tiap ml urin yang diperiksa. Cara ini mudah dilakukan, murah dan cukup akurat. Tetapi jenis kuman dan kepekaannya tidak dapat diketahui.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan radiologis dan pemeriksaan lainnya</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan radiologis dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui adanya batu atau kelainan anatomis yang merupakan faktor predisposisi ISK. Dapat berupa pielografi intravena (IVP), ultrasonografi dan CT-scanning.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN GANGGUAN<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SISTEM PERKEMIHAN PADA LANSIA<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGKAJIAN<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo11; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat kehamilan dan jumlah anak, keluhan atau masalah prostat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo11; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya infeksi kandung kemih, apakah ada sumbatan pada saluran kemih seperti tumor<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo11; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keluhan nyeri pada waktu miksi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo11; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Warna dan bau urin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo11; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Distensi kandung kemih<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo11; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya kelanan kontrol dalam BAK<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo11; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adakah faktor psikologis seperti stres<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo11; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemasukan dan pengeluaran cairan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo11; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan obat penenang atau obat diuretik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DIAGNOSA KEPERAWATAN<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan ketidaknyamanan yang berhubungan dengan peradangan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 150%;">dan infeksi kandnug kemih.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Nyeri yang berhubungan dengan inflamasi, obstruksi, dan abrasi traktus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">urinarius</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh yang berhubungan <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">dengan anoreksia dan penurunan kebutuhan metabolik.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurang pengetahuan tentang penyakit, perawatan dan pengobatannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%;">INTERVENSI KEPERAWATAN<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .35pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan ketidaknyamanan yang berhubungan dengan peradangan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 150%;">dan infeksi kandung kemih.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi : <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.55pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji adanya infeksi pada kandung kemih<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji tipe inkontinensia pada klien<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Nyeri yang berhubungan dengan inflamasi, obstruksi, dan abrasi traktus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">urinarius</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji tingkat nyeri, radiasi dan tanda – tanda vital<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan pada klien proses terjadinya nyeri<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh yang berhubungan <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">dengan anoreksia dan penurunan kebutuhan metabolik.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 150%;">Memenuhi kebutuhan nutrisi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempertahankan keseimbangan cairan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 150%;">Memenuhi kebutuhan istirahat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 150%;">Memelihara integritas kulit<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencegah infeksi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pengetahuan<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> tentang penyakit, perawatan dan pengobatannya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Review pengertian klien & keluarga tentang diagnosa pengobatan & akibatnya.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 64.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Anjurkan klien untuk memberikan umpan balik verbal & mengkoreksi mis komunikasi tentang penyakitnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan kepada klien keluarga tentang pentingnya status nutrisi yang optimal.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%;">PELAKSANAAN<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan tujuan pelaksanaan latihan kandung kemih<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%;">Membuat daftar catatan untuk jumlah pemasukan cairan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%;">Membuat jadwal teratur pengosongan kandung kemih (sesuai waktu kebiasaan klien miksi). Bila rata – rata berkemih lebih dari 60 menit, maka interval berkemih dijadwalkan setiap jam,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadwal berlaku pada saat klien tidak tidur.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien harus berkemih pada waktu yang telah ditetapkan, baik ada keinginan maupun tindakan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien harus berusaha menahan keinginan berkemih di antara rentang waktu yang dijadwalkan dengan menggunakan tehnik relaksasi dan distraksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%;">Ajarkan klien untuk memahami tanda – tanda/rangsangan untuk berkemih seperti kedinginan, berkeringat, resah, kedutan otot, dan lain lain agar menjadi peka untuk mengosongkan kandung kemih.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan pencatatan dan evaluasi secara teratur. Latihan ini dihenditkan apabila tidak ada kemajuan selama 3 minggu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%;">Atur posisi senyaman mungkin untuk berkemih dan jaga privasi klien.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%;">Beri motivasi dan reinforcment dalam melakukan latihan ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">k.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila jadwal dipenuhi, keberhasilan lebih dari 75%, dan angka kejadian berkemih di luar kontrol menurun, maka rentang berkemih ditambahkan 30 menit. Bila inkontinensia masih terjadi (keberhasilan kurang dari 75%), maka rentang berkemih diturunkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
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</script></div>Purchonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17594341849580468860noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1035937381843000578.post-27604445447375327112011-12-09T02:19:00.000-08:002011-12-09T02:19:50.910-08:00Askep Gerontik Dengan Gangguan Neurologis<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ASUHAN KEPERAWATANPADA KLIEN GANGGUAN NEUROLOGIS</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.15pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.95pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesadaran sesorang akan dunianya ditentukan oleh mekanisme neural yang mengolah informasi yang diterima. Llangkah awal pada pengolahan ini adalah transformasi energi stimulus menjadi potensial reseptor lalu menjadi potensial aksi pad serabut saraf. Pola potensial aksi pada serabut saraf tertentu adalh kode yang memberikan informasi mengenai dunia, meskipun seringkali kode yang disampaikan berbeda dari apa yang ingin disampaikan</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.15pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.95pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses desak ruang adalah proses terdesaknya struktur dalam ruang intrakranial karena pertambahan volume salah satu atau lebih dari 3 komponen intrakranial yakni: jaringan otak, darah otak dan atau cairan serebrospinal sehingga menimbulkan peningkatan tekanan intrakranial dengan segala akibatnya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.15pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.95pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anatomi</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Fisiologi Sistem Saraf Pada Lansia</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem persarafan pada manusia yang normal, maupun pada lansia yang telah mengalami perubahan adalah sebagai berikut :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Otak<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbandingan pada otak yang normal dan otak pada lansia yang telah mengalami perubahan/penurunan fungsi adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Otak terletak di dalam rongga kepala, yang pada orang dewasa sudah tidak dapat lagi membesar, sehingga bila terjadi penambahan komponen rongga kepala akan meningkatkan tekanan intra cranial.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berat otak ≤ 350 gram pada saat kelahiran, kemudian meningkat menjadi 1,375 gram pada usia 20 tahun,berat otak mulai menurun pada usia 45-50 tahun penurunan ini kurang lebih 11&percnt; dari berat maksimal. Berat dan volume otak berkurang rata-rata 5-10&percnt; selama umur 20-90 tahun. Otak mengandung 100 million sel termasuk diantaranya sel neuron yang berfungsi menyalurkan impuls listrik dari susunan saraf pusat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lansia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penuaan otak kehilangan 100.000 neuron / tahun. Neuron dapat mengirimkan signal kepada beribu-ribu sel lain dengan kecepatan 200 mil/jam. Terjadi penebalan atropi cerebral (berat otak menurun 10&percnt;) antar usia 30-70 tahun. Secara berangsur angsur tonjolan dendrite dineuron hilang disusul membengkaknya batang dendrit dan batang sel. Secara progresif terjadi fragmentasi dan kematian sel. Pada semua sel terdapat deposit lipofusin (pigment wear and tear) yang terbentuk di sitoplasma, kemungkinan berasal dari lisosom atau mitokondria. RNA, Mitokondria dan enzyme sitoplasma menghilang, inklusi dialin eosinofil dan badan levy, neurofibriler menjadi kurus dan degenerasi granulovakuole. Corpora amilasea terdapat dimana-mana dijaringan otak.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbagai perubahan degenerative ini meningkat pada individu lebih dari 60 tahun dan menyebabkan gangguan persepsi, analisis dan integrita, input sensorik menurun menyebabkan gangguan kesadaran sensorik (nyeri sentuh, panas, dingin, posisi sendi). Tampilan sesori motorik untuk menghasilkan ketepatan melambat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saraf Otonom<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbandingan pada saraf otonom yang normal dan saraf otonom pada lansia yang telah mengalami perubahan/penurunan fungsi adalah sebagai berikut <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 39.3pt 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saraf simpati<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bekerja untuk meningkatkan denyut jantung dan pernafasan serta menurunkan aktifitas saluran cerna.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saraf parasimpatis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bekerjanya berlawanan dari saraf simpatis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 39.3pt 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lansia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pusat penegndalian saraf otonom adalah hipotalamus. Beberapa hal yang dikatakan sebagai penyebab terjadinya gangguan otonom pada usia lanjut adalah penurunan asetolikolin, atekolamin, dopamine, noradrenalin. Perubahan pada “neurotransmisi” pada ganglion otonom yang berupa penurunan pembentukan asetil-kolin yang disebabkan terutama oleh penurunan enzim utama kolin-asetilase.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat perubahan morfologis yang mengakibatkan pengurangan jumlah reseptor kolin. Hal ini menyebabkan predisposisi terjadinya hipotensi postural, regulasi suhu sebagai tanggapan atas panas atau dingin terganggu, otoregulasi disirkulasi serebral rusak sehingga mudah terjatuh.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem Saraf Perifer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbandingan pada sistem saraf perifer yang normal dan sistem saraf perifer pada lansia yang telah mengalami perubahan/penurunan fungsi adalah sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level7 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saraf aferen<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berfungsi membawa informasi sensorik baik disadari maupun tidak, dari kepala, pembuluh darah dan ekstermitas. Saraf eferen menyampaikan rangsangan dari luar ke pusat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Saraf eferen<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berfungsi sebagai pembawa informasi sensorik dari otak menuju ke luar dari susunan saraf pusat ke berbagai sasaran (sel otot/kelenjar).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level7 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lansia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saraf aferen<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lansia terjadi penurunan fungsi dari saraf aferen, sehingga terjadi penurunan penyampaian informasi sensorik dari organ luar yang terkena ransangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saraf eferen<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lansia sering mengalami gangguan persepsi sensorik, hal tersebut dikarenakan terjadinya penurunan fungsi saraf eferen pada sistem saraf perifer.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Medulla spinalis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbandingan pada sistem saraf perifer yang normal dan sistem saraf perifer pada lansia yang telah mengalami perubahan/penurunan fungsi adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsinya :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pusat gerakan otot tubuh terbesar yaitu, Cornu motorik/ cornu ventralis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengurus kegiatan refleks spinalis dan refleks lutut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghantarkan rangsangan koordinasi otot dan sendi menuju cerebellum.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mengadakan komun ikasi antara otak dan semua bagian tubuh.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lansia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Medulla spinalis pada lansia terjadi penurunan fungsi, sehingga mempengaruhi pergerakan otot dan sendi di mana lansia menjadi sulit untuk menggerakkan otot dan sendinya secara maksimal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">12 syaraf kranial<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nervus Olfactorius<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fungsinya sebagai penciuman<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifatnya sensorik membawa rangsangan aroma dari hidung ke otak<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nervus Optikus<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fungsinya untuk menentukan ketajaman penglihatan dan lapangan pandang mata<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifatnya sensoris, membawa rangsangan penglihatan ke otak<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nervus Okulomotorius<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fungsinya kontraksi pupil, pergerakan bola mata<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifatnya motorik,mensarafi otot-otot orbital<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nervus Troklearis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fungsinya sebagai saraf pemutar bola mata ke bawah dan dalam<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifatnya motorik, mensarafi otot-otot orbital<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nervus Trigeminus<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fungsinya sebagai penggerak<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifatnya majemuk (sensoris motoris)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Saraf ini mempunyai 3 cabang yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 126.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nervus Optalmikus : Sifatnya sensorik, mensarafi kulit kepala bagian depan, kelopak mata<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 126.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nervus : Sifatnya sensoris, mensarafi gigi atas, bibir atas, palatum, hidung dan sinus maksilaris<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 126.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nervus Mandibularis : Sifatnya majemuk, mensarafi otot pengunyah, gigi bawah, dagu dan serabut rongga mulut dan lidah, membawa rangsangan citra rasa ke otak<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nervus Abdusen<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fungsinya pergerakan bola mata ke lateral<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifatnya motoris, mensarafi otot orbital<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nervus Facialis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fungsinya sebagai mimik wajah dan menghantarkan rasa pengecap<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifatnya majemuk, mensarafi wajah, otot-otot lidah dan selapu lender rongga mulut<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nervus Vestibulotroklearis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fungsinya sebagai pendengaran dan keseimbangan (vestibulo)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifatnya sensoris, membawa rangsangan dari telinga ke otak<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nervus Glasofaringeus<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fungsinya menelan dan membawa rangsangan cita rasa ke otak<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifatnya majemuk, mensarafi faring, tonsil, dan lidah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nervus Vagus<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fungsinya sebagai perasa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifatnya majemuk, mensarafi faring, laring, esofagus, gaster, dan kelenjar pencernaan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nervus Assesorius<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fungsinya untuk mengkaji otot sternokleidomastoideus dan muskulus trapezius<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nervus Hipoglosus<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fungsinya pergerakan lidah dalam berbicara dan menelan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifatnya motoris, mensarafi otot-otot lidah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Etiologi </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.95pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Sebagaiman dikemukakan di atas, proses desak ruang intrakranial dapat desibabkan oleh berbagai keadaan yang meyebabkan berubahnya volume salah satu komponen intra kranial. Berikut beberapa keadaan tersebut:</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Peningkatan volume darah jaringan otak:</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l32 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Edema serebral</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l32 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Trauma</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l32 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pembedahan</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l32 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Stroke</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l32 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Tumor.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Peningkatan volume darah otak</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l32 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Hematoma</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l32 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Malformasi AV</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l32 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Anurisme</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l32 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Stroke</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l32 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Peningkatan PCO2</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Peningkatan volume cairan serebrosinal</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l32 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Peningkatan produksi, hidrosefalus</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l32 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Penurunan reabsopsi </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Patofisiologi</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dinamika Ruang Intrakranial</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.95pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hipotesis Monro-Kellie menyatakan bahwa volume intrakranial sama dengan volume otak (80-85%) ditambah volume darah serebral (3-10%) dan volume cairan serebrospinal (8-12%). Perubahan volume dari salah satu komponen karena proses desak ruang dapat menyebabkan peningkatan tekanan intrakranial.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.95pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam keadaan normal, otak mempunyai kemampuan melakukan autoregulasi aliran darah serebral untuk menyesuaikan dengan perubahan komponen intrakranial lainnya. Autoregulasi menjamin aliran darah konstan melalui pembuluh darah serebral di atas rentang tekanan perfusi dengan cara mengubah diameter pembuluh darah dalam berespon terhadap tekanan perfusi serebral. Tetapi berbagai faktor dapat mengubah kemampuan pembuluh serebral untuk melakukan kontriksi dan dilatasi seperti iskemia, hipoksia, hiperkapnea dan trauma otak. Karbondioksida merupakan vasodilator yang paling poten pada pembuluh serebral, dapat menyebabkan kenaikan aliran darah serebral dan selanjutnya dapat meningkatkan tekanan intrakranial.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Autoregulasi dapat berfungsi dalam batasan:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.1pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 63.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tekanan perfusi serebral > 60 mmHg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.1pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 63.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tekanan arteri rata-rata <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.1pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 63.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tekanan intrakranial <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila mekanisme autoregulasi terganggu, aliran darah serebral berfluktuasi sesuai dengan tekanan darah sistemik. Setiap aktivitas yang menyebabkan peningkatan tekanan darah seperti batuk, suksion dan kecemasan dapat menyebabkan peningkatan aliran darah serebral yang dapat meningkatkan tekanan intrakranial.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Otak mampu melakukan kompensasi atau menerima perubahan minimal pada volume kolaps parsial sisterna, ventrikel dan sistem vaskuler, juga menurunkan pembentukan dan meningkatkan reabsorbsi cairan serebrospinal. Selama masa kompensasi, TIK tetap cukup konstan. Bila mekanisme kompensasi ini telah digunakan sampai batas kemampuan otak, peningkatan TIK tidak dapat diterima lagi dan akan terjadi herniasi yang mengakibatkan terhentinya <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">aliran</span> darah serebral sebagai konsekuensi yang paling berat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tekanan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perfusi<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Serebral (TPS)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.95pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aliran darah serebral berjalan dalam TPS > 60 mmHg. Di bawah tingkat ini, suplai darah ke otak tidak adekuat dan akan terjadi hipoksia neural dan dapat terjadi kematian sel neuron. Saat tekanan perfusi menurun, respon kardiovaskuler adalah meningkatkan tekanan darah sistemik. Sistem autoregulasi yang berfungsi mempertahankan aliran darah serebral yang konstan tidak berfungsi bila TPS</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">\<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komplikasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Masalah Sensori Pada Lansia</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level8 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Mata atau penglihata</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">n</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Kornea, lensa, iris, aquous humormvitrous humor akan mengalami perubahan seiring bertambahnya usia., karena bagian utama yang mengalami perubahan / penurunan sensifitas yang bisa menyebabkan lensa pada mata, produksi aquous humor juga mengalami penurunan tetapi tidak terlalu terpengaruh terhadap keseimbangan dan tekanan intra okuler lensa umum. Bertambahnya usia akan mempengaruhi fungsi organ pada mata seseorang yang berusia 60 tahun, fungsi kerja pupil akan mengalami penurunan 2/3 dari pupil orang dewasa atau muda, penurunan tersebut meliputi ukuran-ukuran pupil dan kemampuan melihat dari jarak jauh. Proses akomodasi merupakan kemampuan untuk melihat benda-bend dari jarak dekat maupun jauh. Akomodasi merupakan hasil koordianasi atas ciliary body dan otot-otot ins, apabial sesorang mengalami penurunan daya akomodasi makaorang tersebut disebut presbiopi.<br />
5 masalah yang muncul ada lansia :</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Penurunan kemampuan penglihatan</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">ARMD ( agp- relaed macular degeneration )</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Glaucoma</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Katarak</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Entropion dan ekstropion</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level8 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Glaukoma</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US">Glaukoma dapat terjadi pada semua usia tapi resiko tinggi pada lansia usia 60 tahun keatas, kerusakan akibat glaukoma sering tidak bisa diobati namun dengan medikasi dan pembedahan mampu mengurangi kerusakan pada mata akibat glaukoma. Glaukoma terjadi apabila ada peningkatan tekanan intra okuler ( IOP ) pada kebanyakan orang disebabkan oleh oleh peningkatan tekanan sebagai akibat adanya hambatan sirkulasi atau pengaliran cairan bola mata (cairan jernih berisi O2, gula dan nutrisi), selain itu disebabkan kurang aliran darah kedaerah vital jaringan nervous optikus, adanya kelemahan srtuktur dari syaraf.</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level8 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Strok</span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adalah penyakit padasistem syaraf pusat ( otak ) yang ditandai dengan gangguan pada peredaran darah, baik itu karena sumbatan pembuluh darah maupun pendarahan ( pecahnya pembuluh darah ) di otak sehingga menyebabkan gangguan anatomo dan fisiologi otak.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Faktor-faktor penyebabnya :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo33; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tekanan darah tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo33; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyakit jantung<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo33; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kencing manis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level8 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Radang</span><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> otak<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh masuknya bakteri / virus / parasit kedalam otak dan selaput otak.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Gejala awalnya adalah panas badan tinggi, badan lemah, kaku leher dan muntah-muntah yang tidak membaik dengan obat-obatan biasa.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Penyakit timbul apabila keradangan meluas sampai timbul bengkak otak dan atau abses ( borok ) otak sehingga menimbulkan penurunan kesadaran ( coma ).</span><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Test </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diagnostik</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.45pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tes diagnostik yang sering dilakukan diuraikan pada tabel berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CT Scan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CT Scan memberikan gambaran rinci dari struktur tulang, jaringan dan cairan tubuh. Dapat menunjukkan perubahan struktur karena tumor, hematom atau hidrosefalus. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sacn dengan MRI membuat gambaran grafis dari struktur tulang, cairan dan jaringan lunak. Dapat memberikan hasil yang lebih jelas tentang detail anatomi dan dapat membantu diagnosis tumor yang kecil atau sindrom infark dini.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PET (Positron Emission Tomografi)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Test dignostik untuk mengukur proses fisiologis dan biokimia dalam sistem saraf. Daerah tertentu dapat teridentifikasi sebagai berfungsi atau tidak.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Angiografi Serebral<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merupakan pemeriksaan radiografi dengan menggunakan kontras berupa zat warna radio-opak yang disuntikkan dengan kateter ke dalam sirkulasi arteri serebral. Hasilnya memperlihatkan patensi pembuluh darah, penyempitan, oklusi dan abnormalitas struktur (aneurisma), pergeseran pembuluh (tumor dan edema) dan perubahan aliran darah (malformasi AV).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mielografi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ruang subarakhnoid spinal diperiksa terhadap obstruksi total atau sebagian yang berhubungan dengan perubahan letak tulang, kompresi medula spinalis atau herniasi cakram intervertebrata.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EEG (Elektroensefalografi)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membantu mendeteksi dan menemukan tempat aktivitas listrik abnormal dalam korteks serebri<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pungsi Lumbal<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan CSS terhadap adanya darah, perubahan karater, jumlah sel, protein, dan glukosa dan memperkirakan TIK.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fokus Pengkajian</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l16 level4 lfo7; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Riwayat Keperawatan</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Hal-hal yang perlu ditanyakan pada anamnesis riwayat neurologis:</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l11 level5 lfo8; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Trauma yang baru terjadi yang dapat mempengaruhi sistem saraf (jatuh, kecelakaan lalulintas)</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l11 level5 lfo8; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Infeksi yang baru terjadi termasuk sinusitis, infeksi telinga dan sakit gigi.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l11 level5 lfo8; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sakit kepala dan masalah-masalah gangguan daya konsentrasi dan ingatan yang baru terjadi.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l11 level5 lfo8; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Perasaan pusing, kehilangan keseimbangan, melayang, melamun, tinitus dan masalah pendengaran.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l11 level5 lfo8; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Kecanggungan atau kelemahan ekstremitas, kesulitan berjalan.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l11 level5 lfo8; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Penyimpangan sensoris (kesemutan, baal, hipersensitivitas, nyeri) atau kehilangan sensori pada wajah, badan dan ekstremitas.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l11 level5 lfo8; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Impotensi dan kesulitan berkemih.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l11 level5 lfo8; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Kesulitan dalam kegiatan sehari-hari.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l11 level5 lfo8; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Efek masalah pada pola hidup, kinerja pekerjaan dan interaksi sosial.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l11 level5 lfo8; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Penggunaan tembakau, alkohol dan obat-obat tertentu.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l16 level4 lfo7; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengkajian Fisik</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Hal-hal yang perlu dilakukan pada pemeriksaan fisik neurologis adalah:</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l22 level5 lfo9; tab-stops: list 72.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksaan tingkat kesadaran (GCS)</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Tingkat kesadaran dapat digambarkan secara kualitatif seperti sadar, letargi, stupor, semikoma dan koma atau secara kuatitatif dengan menggunakan Glasgow Coma Scale.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level5 lfo10; tab-stops: list 72.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Gerakan, kekuatan dan koordinasi otot ekstremitas.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Kelemahan otot merupakan tanda penting pada beberapa gangguan neurologis. Beberapa tes khusus digunakan untuk mendeteksi kelainan yang lebih spesifik seperti tes Romberg untuk memeriksa koordinasi keseimbangan tubuh tes koordinasi jari hidung untuk memeriksa kemampuan koordinasi ekstremitas atas.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level5 lfo11; tab-stops: list 72.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Status mental</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksaan status mental meliputi perhatian, daya ingat, afek, bahasa, pikiran dan persepsi (person, time and space)..</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l26 level5 lfo12; tab-stops: list 72.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Refleks</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Refleks terjadi jika stimulasi sensori menimbulkan respon motorik. Refleks yang diperiksa meliputi refleks regangan otot (refleks tendon), refleks kutaneus (superfisial) dan adanya refleks abnormal seperti refleks Babinski.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo13; tab-stops: list 72.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Gerakan involunter</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Gerakan involunter adalah gerakan bagian tubuh yang tidak dapat dikendalikan seperti tremor, fasikulasi, klonus, mioklonus, hemibalismus, chorea dan atetosis.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l25 level5 lfo14; tab-stops: list 72.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Perubahan pupil</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Pupil dapat dinilai ukuran dan bentuknya serta respon terhadap cahaya.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level5 lfo15; tab-stops: list 72.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Tanda vital</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Tanda klasik peningkatan TIK meliputi kenaikan tekanan sistolik dalam hubungan dengan tekanan nadi yang membesar, nadi lemah atau lambat dan pernapasan tidak teratur.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo16; tab-stops: list 72.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Saraf kranial</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Tes fungsi saraf kranial diperiksa satu persatu untuk melihat adanya kelainan yang spesifik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DIAGNOSA KEPERAWATAN</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diagnosa-diagnosa berikut ini adalah sebagian diagnosa yang dapat di angkat pada pasien lansia dengan gangguan sistem persarafan yang di kutip dari diagnosa keperawatan NANDA.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level4 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resiko tinggi cedera berhubungan dengan penurunan fungsi fisiologis dan kognitif.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level4 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intoleransi aktivitas berhubungan dengan kelemahan secara menyeluruh.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level4 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan persepsi sensori (visual, auditori, kinestetik, pengecapan, taktil, penciuman) berhubungan dengan perubahan penerimaan sensori, transmisi dan integrasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level4 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerusakan komunikasi verbal berhubungan dengan perubahan/penurunan sistem saraf.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">INTERVENSI</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> KEPERAWATAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level5 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resiko tinggi cedera berhubungan dengan penurunan fungsi fisiologis dan kognitif.<br />
Tujuan :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo26; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasien bebas dari resiko cedera.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo26; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">memperlihatkan tanda cedera fisik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji status mental dan fisik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan strategi untuk mencegah cedera yang sesuai untuk status fisiologis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertahankan tindakan kewaspadaan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Singkirkan atau lepaskan alat-alat yang dapat membahayakan pasien.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hindari tugas-tugas yang membahayakan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level5 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intoleransi aktivitas berhubungan dengan kelemahan secara menyeluruh.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo28; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasien akan mengidentifikasikan aktifitas dan/atau situasi yang menimbulkan kecemasan yang berkontribusi pada intoleransi aktivitas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo28; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasien dapat menampilkan aktivitas kehidupan sehari-hari (AKS).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo29; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji respon emosi, sosial, dan spiritual terhadap aktivitas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo29; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi motivasi dan keinginan pasien untuk meningkatkan aktivitas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo29; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hindari menjadwalkan aktivitas selama periode istirahat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo29; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bantu pasien untuk mengubah posisi secara berkala dan ambulasi yang dapat di toleransi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level5 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan persepsi sensori (visual, auditori, kinestetik, pengecapan, taktil, penciuman) berhubungan dengan perubahan penerimaan sensori, transmisi dan integrasi.<br />
Tujuan :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo30; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasien dapat menunjukkan kemampuan kognitif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo30; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasien dapat mengidentifikasikan diri, orang, tempat, dan waktu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo31; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantau perubahan status neurologis pasien.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo31; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantau tingkat kesadaran pasien.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo31; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Identifikasikan factor yang berpengaruh terhadap gangguan persepsi sensori.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo31; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pastikan akses dan penggunaan alat bantu sensori.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo31; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkatkan jumlah stimulus untuk mencapai tingkat sensori yang sesuai.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level5 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerusakan komunikasi verbal berhubungan dengan perubahan/penurunan sistem saraf pusat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasien dapat berkomunikasi dengan baik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji kemampuan berbicara, menulis, membaca, dan memahami simbol.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anjurkan kunjungan keluarga secara teratur untuk memberikan stimulasi sebagai komunikasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anjurkan pasien untuk berkomunikasi secara perlahan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</script></div>Purchonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17594341849580468860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1035937381843000578.post-60971789870542775312011-12-09T02:16:00.001-08:002011-12-09T02:16:49.533-08:00Struktur Alat Peredaran Darah Pada Manusia<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Struktur Alat Peredaran Darah Pada Manusia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem peredaran darah pada manusia tersusun atas jantung sebagai pusat peredaran darah, pembuluh-pembuluh darah dan darah itu sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jantung<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jantung mempunyai empat ruang yang terbagi sempurna yaitu dua serambi (<i>atrium</i>) dan dua bilik (<i>ventrikel</i>) dan terletak di dalam rongga dada sebelah kiri di atas diafragma. Jantung terbungkus oleh kantong <i>perikardium</i> yang terdiri dari 2 lembar :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">lamina panistalis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> di sebelah luar<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">lamina viseralis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> yang menempel pada dinding jantung.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jantung memiliki katup<i>atrioventikuler (valvula bikuspidal)</i>yang terdapat di antara serambi dan bilik jantung yang berfungsi mencegah aliran dari bilik keserambi selama sistol dan katup semilunaris (katup <i>aorta</i> dan <i>pulmonalis</i>) yang berfungsi mencegah aliran balik dari <i>aorta</i> dan arteri <i>pulmonalis</i> kiri ke bilik selama<i>diastole</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembuluh Darah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembuluh darah terdiri atas arteri dan vena. Arteri berhubungan langsung dengan vena pada bagian kapiler dan <i>venula</i> yang dihubungkan oleh bagian<i>endothelium</i>nya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Arteri dan vena terletak bersebelahan. Dinding arteri lebih tebal dari pada dinding vena. Dinding arteri dan vena mempunyai tiga lapisan yaitu lapisan bagian dalam yang terdiri dari <i>endothelium</i>, lapisan tengah yang terdiri atas otot polos dengan serat elastis dan lapisan paling luar yang terdiri atas jaringan ikat ditambah dengan serat elastis. Cabang terkecil dari arteri dan vena disebut kapiler. Pembuluh kapiler memiliki diameter yang sangat kecil dan hanya memiliki satu lapisan tunggal <i>endothelium</i> dan sebuah membran basal.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perbedaan struktur masing-masing pembuluh darah berhubungan dengan perbedaan fungsional masing-masing pembuluh darah tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem Peredaran Darah Manusia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Macam Peredaran Darah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peredaran darah manusia merupakan peredaran darah tertutup karena darah yang dialirkan dari dan ke seluruh tubuh melalui pembuluh darah dan darah mengalir melewati jantung sebanyak dua kali sehingga disebut sebagai peredaran darah ganda yang terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peredaran darah panjang/besar/sistemik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adalah peredaran darah yang mengalirkan darah yang kaya oksigen dari bilik (ventrikel) kiri jantung lalu diedarkan ke seluruh jaringan tubuh. Oksigen bertukar dengan karbondioksida di jaringan tubuh. Lalu darah yang kaya karbondioksida dibawa melalui vena menuju serambi kanan (<i>atrium</i>) jantung.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peredaran darah pendek/kecil/pulmonal<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adalah peredaran darah yang mengalirkan darah dari jantung ke paru-paru dan kembali ke jantung. Darah yang kaya karbondioksida dari bilik kanan dialirkan ke paru-paru melalui arteri <i>pulmonalis</i>, di <i>alveolus</i> paru-paru darah tersebut bertukar dengan darah yang kaya akan oksigen yang selanjutnya akan dialirkan ke serambi kiri jantung melalui vena <i>pulmonalis</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses peredaran darah dipengaruhi juga oleh kecepatan darah, luas penampang pembuluh darah, tekanan darah dan kerja otot yang terdapat pada jantung dan pembuluh darah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada kapiler terdapat spingter prakapiler mengatur aliran darah ke kapiler :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bila spingter prakapiler berelaksasi maka kapiler-kapiler yang bercabang dari pembuluh darah utama membuka dan darah mengalir ke kapiler.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bila spingter prakapiler berkontraksi, kapiler akan tertutup dan aliran darah yang melalui kapiler tersebut akan berkurang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada vena bila otot berkontraksi maka vena akan terperas dan kelepak yang terdapat pada jaringan akan bertindak sebagai katup satu arah yang menjaga agar darah mengalir hanya menuju ke jantung. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Macam-macam Pembuluh Darah:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembuluh darah arteri<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tempat mengalir darah yang dipompa dari bilik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Merupakan pembuluh yang liat dan elastis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tekanan pembuluh lebih kuat dari pada pembuluh balik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memiliki sebuah katup (<i>valvula semilunaris</i>) yang berada tepat di luar jantung terdiri atas :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aorta yaitu pembuluh dari bilik kiri menuju ke seluruh tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Arteriol yaitu percabangan arteri kapiler :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 126.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diameter lebih kecil dibandingkan arteri dan vena<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 126.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dindingnya terdiri atas sebuah lapisan tunggal endothelium dan sebuah membran basal<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 126.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dindingnya terdiri atas 3 lapis yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lapisan bagian dalam yang terdiri atas Endothelium<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lapisan tengah terdiri atas otot polos dengan Serat elastis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lapisan terluar yang terdiri atas jaringan ikat Serat elastis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembuluh Balik (Vena)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terletak di dekat permukaan kulit sehingga mudah di kenali<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dinding pembuluh lebih tipis dan tidak elastis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tekanan pembuluh lebih lemah di bandingkan pembuluh nadi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terdapat katup yang berbentuk seperti bulan sabit (<i>valvula semi lunaris</i>) dan menjaga agar darah tak berbalik arah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo12; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vena cava superior yang bertugas membawa darah dari bagian atas tubuh menuju serambi kanan jantung.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo12; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vena cava inferior yang bertugas membawa darah dari bagian bawah tubuh ke serambi kanan jantung.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo12; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vena cava pulmonalis yang bertugas membawa darah dari paru-paru ke serambi kiri jantung.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kelainan Pada Sistem Peredaran Darah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kelainan atau penyakit pada sistem peredaran darah antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Arteriosklerosis yaitu pengerasan pembuluh nadi karena endapan lemak berbentuk plak (kerak) yaitu jaringan ikat berserat dan sel-sel otot polos yang di infiltrasi oleh lipid (lemak)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anemia yaitu rendahnya kadar hemoglobin dalam darah atau berkurangnya jumlah eritrosit dalam darah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Varises yaitu pelebaran pembuluh darah di betis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hemeroid (ambeien) pelebaran pembuluh darah di sekitar dubur<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ambolus yaitu tersumbatnya pembuluh darah karena benda yang bergerak.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Trombus yaitu tersumbatnya pembuluh darah karena benda yang tidak bergerak .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hemofili yaitu kelainan darah yang menyebabkan darah sukar membeku (diturunkan secara hereditas)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Leukemia (kanker darah ) yaitu peningkatan jumlah eritrosit secara tidak terkendali.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Erithroblastosis fetalis yaitu rusaknya eritrosit bayi/janin akibat aglutinasi dari antibodi yang berasal dari ibu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Thalasemia yaitu anemia yang diakibatkan oleh rusaknya gen pembentuk hemoglobin yang bersifat menurun.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hipertensi yaitu tekanan darah tinggi akibat <i>arteriosklerosis</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="fullpost"></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script src="http://kumpulblogger.com/dam.php?b=159776" type="text/javascript">
</script></div>Purchonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17594341849580468860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1035937381843000578.post-86351519992104104002011-12-08T21:56:00.000-08:002011-12-08T21:56:54.674-08:00New Pet In Ninja Saga<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XfnFxYi69N8/TuGjGGj4_qI/AAAAAAAAAYw/4d6-wcUjy8Y/s1600/375211_10151065166615651_137827210650_21831549_1142890797_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XfnFxYi69N8/TuGjGGj4_qI/AAAAAAAAAYw/4d6-wcUjy8Y/s320/375211_10151065166615651_137827210650_21831549_1142890797_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div><br />
</div>Nah dalam event natal kali ini ninja saga kembali mengeluarkan pet. Pet ini bernama shika yang bentuknya sama seperti pet natal sebelumnya. Tapi walopun bentuknya sama tapi ada banyak perbedaan diantara keduanya. Terutama skilnya sobat blogger. Nah bagi sobat blogger yang ingin membeli pet tersebut alangkah baiknya mengetahui kemampuan/skill pet tersebut. Nah ini kemampuan/skill yang dimiliki shika:<div><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Level 1 :</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b> Basic Attack: </b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Pet's Basic Attack</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Level 10 : </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b>Charge: </b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Crash the target<a href="" name="more"></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> with the body</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Level 20 : </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b>Cleansing: </b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Remove all negative effect on master</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Level 30 :</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b> Frozen Icicle: </b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Summon Icicle to attack target and 50% chance to inflict frozen(stun target but target damage taken will be reduced by 30%) (1 turn)</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Level 40 :</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b> Secret = Winter Avalanche: </b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Summon a snowslide to inflict frozen (stun target but target damage taken will be reduced by 30%) (2 turn)</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Level 50 : </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b>Secret = Smoky Snow Flowe: </b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Create a snowy screens so that master have 50% chance to resist all negative status (2 turn)</span></li>
</ul><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Untuk sementara hanya ini yang bisa saya berikan untuk sobat blogger. Insyaallah lain waktu saya berikan detail yang lebih jelas lagi.</span></span></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script src="http://kumpulblogger.com/dam.php?b=159776" type="text/javascript">
</script></div>Purchonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17594341849580468860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1035937381843000578.post-28982397521107649852011-12-08T21:36:00.000-08:002011-12-08T21:36:20.323-08:00Tips Memaksimalkan Koneksi internet di PCHalo sobat blogger. Ketemu lagi nih sama saya. Bagaimana kabar sobat bloger semua? Mudah mudahan sehat semua ya. Musin ujan gini biasanya banyak yang pada sakit. Jadi sobat blogger jaga kesehatan dengan baik ya.<div class="fullpost"></div><div>Sobat bloger kali ini saya ingin membahas cara memaksimalkan koneksi internet di PC/komputer/laptop. Mungkin banyak sobat bloger yang sering marah marah karena koneksi internetnya lemot. Nah dsni saya akan mengupas tuntas bagaimana caranya agar koneksi internet kita bisa lebih maksimal. Memang sih cara ini g terlalu berpengaruh besar terhadat koneksi internet kita, tapi setidaknya bisa sedikit membantu.</div><div>Cukup disini aja ceramahnya dlu ya. Kita langsung ke TKP aja.</div><div>Pertama tama sobat bloger buka "run" terlebih dahulu (nggak pake tada kutip), kemudian sobat bloger ketikkan "gpedit.msc" (nggak pake tanda kutip). nah nanti akan muncul seperti ini</div><div><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Ep08zvoodcw/TuGb5egQisI/AAAAAAAAAXw/TpBqyYOqMr4/s1600/2011-12-09_122247.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="223" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Ep08zvoodcw/TuGb5egQisI/AAAAAAAAAXw/TpBqyYOqMr4/s320/2011-12-09_122247.png" width="320" /></a></div><div>Nah disana kan banya pilihan tuh, sobat bloger klik "Administrativ template", kalo sudah sobat bloger pilih lagi "Network" kemudian pilih "Qos Packet Scheduler" lalu "Limit Resevable Bandwidth". Nanti akan muncul halaman baru seperti ini</div><div><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UKEhSXmvMvY/TuGddyNndvI/AAAAAAAAAX4/53O5X8AjdAk/s1600/2011-12-09_123003.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="257" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UKEhSXmvMvY/TuGddyNndvI/AAAAAAAAAX4/53O5X8AjdAk/s320/2011-12-09_123003.png" width="320" /></a></div><div>Nah yang trakhir sobat blogger centangin "Enabled" kemudian rubah angka "20%" yang ada di Option menjadi "0" lalu Ok/Apply.</div><div>Nah skrang koneksi internet sobat blogger bisa lebih stabil dibangingkan sebelumnya.</div><div>Sekian dulu tips dari saya, semoga kita bisa bertemu lagi dikesempatan berikutnya yang pastinya dengan tips yang baru lagi.</div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script src="http://kumpulblogger.com/dam.php?b=159776" type="text/javascript">
</script></div>Purchonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17594341849580468860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1035937381843000578.post-11781012287445137432011-12-06T05:52:00.000-08:002011-12-06T06:08:13.977-08:00Trik Gratis Internet Smart Desember 2011Halo sobat blogger semua. Bagaimana nih kabar sobat semua?. Wah sudah lama juga ya saya tidak memosting di blog ini. Jadinya blog ini tidak terurus lagi. Tapi tenang aja sobat semua. Kali ini saya kembali akan memosting sesuatu yang menarik untuk sobat blogger baca. Saya akan mencoba memosing sesuatu yang beda dari biasanya yang saya posting. Biasanya nih yang suka facebookan, twitteran, main game onlina pasti semangat membaca masalah yang beginian.<br />
<div>Saya tidak mau basa basi lagi membuat kalian penasaran. Takutnya nanti jadi arwah penasaran. he he he he mlah nyambung aja basa basinya. STOP!. Langsung ke topik aja. Saya akan membahas mengenai trik internet gratis kartu smart. </div><div>Peralatan tempur yang dibutuhkan:</div><div><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/17707032/ISPCE-2.2.101_setup.exe.html">Ispace</a></div><div><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/17707122/ultrasurf.rar.html">Ultrasufr</a></div><div><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/17707421/semur.rar.html">Config</a></div><div>Pertama tama ubah user name dan pass koneksi kalian menggunakan username: wap pass: wap.</div><div>Kalau sudah di download semuanya, tinggal di instal aja. Setelh di instal copy config yang kaian download tadi kemudian pastekan di progfile ispace. Kalau sudah buka ispacenya lalu load config yang tadi kalian paste di progfile.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NC-9DbBzlCs/Tt4axvd3YNI/AAAAAAAAAXY/su-0sE2mUpY/s1600/2011-12-06_203508.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="141" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NC-9DbBzlCs/Tt4axvd3YNI/AAAAAAAAAXY/su-0sE2mUpY/s320/2011-12-06_203508.png" width="320" /></a></div><div><br />
<div class="fullpost"></div><div>Nah kalau sudah di load klik refress. Selanjutnya buka ultrasurf lalu klik option, proxy setting,masnal proxy kemudian masukkan proxy host 127.0.0.1 port 8000</div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UyhiCDCwUTA/Tt4b0VJx67I/AAAAAAAAAXg/iV25TLm8vIo/s1600/2011-12-06_203900.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="156" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UyhiCDCwUTA/Tt4b0VJx67I/AAAAAAAAAXg/iV25TLm8vIo/s320/2011-12-06_203900.png" width="320" /></a></div><div>Kalau sudah klik OK. close ultrasurfnya dulu untuk menyimpan setting yang tadi kemudian buka lagi. </div><div>Nah yang terakhir ganti proxy pada browser kalian menggunakan proxy 127.0.0.1 port 8000. </div><div><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-atHGXWA9CqE/Tt4dko2TrYI/AAAAAAAAAXo/GTi6i9V102E/s1600/2011-12-06_204735.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="182" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-atHGXWA9CqE/Tt4dko2TrYI/AAAAAAAAAXo/GTi6i9V102E/s320/2011-12-06_204735.png" width="320" /></a></div><div><br />
</div><div>SELAMAT BERINTERNET GRATIS!!</div><div><br />
</div><div>Catatan: Usahakan kalau mau mencoba pulsanya Rp. 0. karena kalau nanti gagal pulsa kaian bisa kesedot.</div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script src="http://kumpulblogger.com/dam.php?b=159776" type="text/javascript">
</script></div>Purchonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17594341849580468860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1035937381843000578.post-56684434210370602292011-07-29T21:12:00.000-07:002011-07-29T21:12:17.150-07:00Mengembalikan Tampilan Chat Facebook Ke Bentuk Lama di Google ChromeNih bagai akang/eneng yang tidak suka dengan tampilan chat facebook yang baru ane punya solusinya. terus terang ane juga tidak suka dengan tampilan baru facebook, karena menurut ane terlalu ambur adur. Jadi ane mencoba untuk meminta bantuan kepada prof. google dan seteleh browsing kesana sini akhirnya ane nemu nih tips yang bagus banget. <div class="fullpost"></div><div>Untuk mengembalikan tampilan chat facebook seperti yang dulu, kalian perlu mendownload softwarenya dulu. </div><div>Wah koneksiku lemot kalau download... :(. </div><div>jangan khawatir, software ini kapasitasnya tidak terlalu besar, cuman beberapa Kb aja.</div><div>Perlu diketahui, software ini dikeluarkan langsung oleh google chrome sendiri.</div><div>sebenarnya ini bukan software, tapi lebih tepatnya add-ons. add-ons ini dinamakan " Sidebar Disabler". </div><div><br />
</div><div>Oke ane tidak mau lebih panjang lebar lagi. Add-ons nya langsung aja <a href="https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/bfipfkeoidmndggnnpobeenlamiclald#">didownload disini</a></div><div>Wah kalo udah download diapain lagi?</div><div>Kalo kalian sudah <a href="https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/bfipfkeoidmndggnnpobeenlamiclald#">download</a> silahkan kalian reload facobook kalian atau restart google chrome kalian lalu lihat hasilnya.</div><div>Cukup sekian penceraha dari saya dan semoga bermanfaat.</div><div><br />
</div><div>Ups hampir lupa, Add-ons ini untuk google chrome! kalau kalian mau menginstalnya di firefox atau opera silahkan download disini:</div><div>- Untuk <a href="https://addons.mozilla.org/en/firefox/addon/fb-chat-sidebar-disabler/">Mozilla irefox</a></div><div>- Untuk <a href="https://addons.opera.com/addons/extensions/details/facebook-chat-sidebar-disabler/?display=en">Opera</a></div><div>Untuk penginstalan di firefox atau opera silahkan buka menggunakan browser yang mau di instal Add-ons nya.</div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script src="http://kumpulblogger.com/dam.php?b=159776" type="text/javascript">
</script></div>Purchonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17594341849580468860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1035937381843000578.post-63593203174744321532011-07-24T05:47:00.000-07:002011-07-24T05:51:31.024-07:00Asuhan Keperawatan Keluarga Dengan DM<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #444444;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #444444;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Latar belakang<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;">Diabetes Mellitus ( DM ) adalah penyakit metabolik yang kebanyakan herediter, demham tanda – tanda hiperglikemia dan glukosuria, disertai dengan atau tidak adanya gejala klinik akut ataupun kronik, sebagai akibat dari kuranganya insulin efektif di dalam tubuh, gangguan primer terletak pada metabolisme karbohidrat yang biasanya disertai juga gangguan metabolisme lemak dan protein. ( Askandar, 2000 ).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;">Gangren adalah proses atau keadaan yang ditandai dengan adanya jaringan mati atau nekrosis, namun secara mikrobiologis adalah proses nekrosis yang disebabkan oleh infeksi. ( Askandar, 2001 ).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;">Gangren Kaki Diabetik adalah luka pada kaki yang merah kehitam-hitaman dan berbau busuk akibat sumbatan yang terjadi di pembuluh darah sedang atau besar di tungkai. ( Askandar, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br />
</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;">Anatomi Fisiologi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;">Pankreas merupakan sekumpulan kelenjar yang panjangnya kira – kira 15 cm, lebar 5 cm, mulai dari duodenum sampai ke limpa dan beratnya rata – rata 60 – 90 gram. Terbentang pada vertebrata lumbalis 1 dan 2 di belakang lambung.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;">Pankreas merupakan kelenjar endokrin terbesar yang terdapat di dalam tubuh baik hewan maupun manusia. Bagian depan ( kepala ) kelenjar pankreas terletak pada lekukan yang dibentuk oleh duodenum dan bagian pilorus dari lambung. Bagian badan yang merupakan bagian utama dari organ ini merentang ke arah limpa dengan bagian ekornya menyentuh atau terletak pada alat ini. Dari segi perkembangan embriologis, kelenjar pankreas terbentuk dari epitel yang berasal dari lapisan epitel yang membentuk usus.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;">Pankreas terdiri dari dua jaringan utama, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br />
</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Asini sekresi getah pencernaan ke dalam duodenum.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Pulau Langerhans yang tidak tidak mengeluarkan sekretnya keluar, tetapi menyekresi insulin dan glukagon langsung ke darah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;">Pulau – pulau Langerhans yang menjadi sistem endokrinologis dari pamkreas tersebar di seluruh pankreas dengan berat hanya 1 – 3 % dari berat total pankreas. Pulau langerhans berbentuk ovoid dengan besar masing-masing pulau berbeda. Besar pulau langerhans yang terkecil adalah 50 m, sedangkan yang terbesar 300 m, terbanyak adalah yang besarnya 100 – 225 m. Jumlah semua pulau langerhans di pankreas diperkirakan antara 1 – 2 juta.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;">Pulau langerhans manusia, mengandung tiga jenis sel utama, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Sel – sel A ( alpha ), jumlahnya sekitar 20 – 40 % ; memproduksi glikagon yang manjadi faktor hiperglikemik, suatu hormon yang mempunyai “ anti insulin like activity “.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Sel – sel B ( betha ), jumlahnya sekitar 60 – 80 % , membuat insulin.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Sel – sel D ( delta ), jumlahnya sekitar 5 – 15 %, membuat somatostatin.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;">Masing – masing sel tersebut, dapat dibedakan berdasarkan struktur dan sifat pewarnaan. Di bawah mikroskop pulau-pulau langerhans ini nampak berwarna pucat dan banyak mengandung pembuluh darah kapiler. Pada penderita DM, sel beha sering ada tetapi berbeda dengan sel beta yang normal dimana sel beta tidak menunjukkan reaksi pewarnaan untuk insulin sehingga dianggap tidak berfungsi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;">Insulin merupakan protein kecil dengan berat molekul 5808 untuk insulin manusia. Molekul insulin terdiri dari dua rantai polipeptida yang tidak sama, yaitu rantai A dan B. Kedua rantai ini dihubungkan oleh dua jembatan ( perangkai ), yang terdiri dari disulfida. Rantai A terdiri dari 21 asam amino dan rantai B terdiri dari 30 asam amino. Insulin dapat larut pada pH 4 – 7 dengan titik isoelektrik pada 5,3. Sebelum insulin dapat berfungsi, ia harus berikatan dengan protein reseptor yang besar di dalam membrana sel.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;">Insulin di sintesis sel beta pankreas dari proinsulin dan di simpan dalam butiran berselaput yang berasal dari kompleks Golgi. Pengaturan sekresi insulin dipengaruhi efek umpan balik kadar glukosa darah pada pankreas. Bila kadar glukosa darah meningkat diatas 100 mg/100ml darah, sekresi insulin meningkat cepat. Bila kadar glukosa normal atau rendah, produksi insulin akan menurun.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;">Selain kadar glukosa darah, faktor lain seperti asam amino, asam lemak, dan hormon gastrointestina merangsang sekresi insulin dalam derajat berbeda-beda. Fungsi metabolisme utama insulin untuk meningkatkan kecepatan transport glukosa melalui membran sel ke jaringan terutama sel – sel otot, fibroblas dan sel lemak.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;"><br />
</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;"><br />
</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">BAB I</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">I</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">A.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Keluarga<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pengertian </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Keluarga adalah unit terkecil dari masyarakat yang terdiri atas kepala keluarga dan beberapa orang yang berkumpul dan tinggal ditempat dibawah suatu atap dalam kesadaran saling ketergantungan (Departemen Kesehatan RI, 1988).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Keluarga adalah dua atau lebih dari dua individu yang tergabung karena hubungan darah, hubungan perkawinan atau pengangkatan dan mereka hidup dalam suatu rumah tangga, berinteraksi satu sama lain dan didalam perannya masing-masing menciptakan serta mempertahankan kebudayaan (Saluicion G. Bailon dan Aracelis Maglaya, 1989).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Struktur Keluarga</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 156.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt left 150.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -120.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Patrilineal : adalah keluarga sedarah yang terdiri dari sanak saudara sedarah dalam beberapa generasi, dimana hubungan itu disusun.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 156.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt left 150.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -120.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Matrilineal : adalah keluarga sedarah yang terdiri dari sanak saudara sedarah dalam berbagai generasi, dimana hubungan itu disusun melalui jalur garis ibu.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 156.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt left 150.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -120.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Matrilokal : adalah sepasang suami istri yang tinggal bersama keluarga sedarah istri.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 156.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt left 150.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -120.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Patrilokal : adalah sepasang suami istri yang tinggal bersama keluarga sedarah suami.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 156.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt left 150.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -120.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Keluarga kawinah : adalah hubungan suami istri sebagai dasar bagi pembinaan keluarga, dan beberapa sanak saudara yang menjadi bagian keluarga karena adanya hubungan dengan suami istri.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 150.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tipe/Bentuk Keluarga</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Keluarga inti (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nuclear family</i>)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Adalah keluarga yang terdiri dari ayah, ibu dan anak-anak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Keluarga besar (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">extended family</i>)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Adalah keluarga inti ditambah dengan sanak saudara, misalnya, nenek, kakek, keponakan, saudara, sepupu, paman, bibi dsb.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Keluarga berantai (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">seriel family</i>)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Adalah keluarga yang terdiri dari wanita dan pria yang menikah lebih dari satu kali dan merupakan satu keluarga inti.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Keluarga duda/janda (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">single family</i>)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Adalah keluarga yang terjadi karena perceraian atau kematian.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Keluarga berkomposisi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">composite</i>)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Adalah keluarga yang perkawinannya berpoligami dan hidup secara bersama.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">f.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Keluarga kabitas (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cohabitation</i>)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Adalah dua orang menjadi satu tanpa pernikahan tetapi membentuk suatu keluarga.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Peranan Keluarga</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Peranan ayah</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Ayah sebagai suami dari istri dan anak-anak berperanan sebagai pencari nafkah, pendidikan, pelindung, dan pemberi rasa aman, sebagai kepala keluarga. Sebagai anggota dari kelompok sosialnya serta sebagai anggota masyarakat dan lingkungannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Peranan ibu</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Sebagai istri dan ibu dari anak-anaknya, ibu mempunyai peranan untuk mengurus rumah tangga sebagai pengaruh dan pendidik anak-anaknya pelindung dan sebagai salah satu kelompok dari peranan sosialnya serta sebagai anggota masyarakat dari lingkungannya. Disamping itu juga ibu juga dapat berperan sebagai pencari nafkah tambahan dalam keluarganya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Peranan anak</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">Anak-anak melaksanakan peranan psiko-sosial sesuai dengan tingkat perkembangannya baik fisik, mental, sosial dan spiritual.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Fungsi keluarga</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Fungsi biologis</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">1)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Untuk meneruskan keturunan</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">2)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Memelihara dan membesarkan anak</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">3)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Memenuhi kebutuhan gizi keluarga</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">4)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Memelihara dan merawat anggota keluarga</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Fungsi psikologis</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">1)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Memberikan kasih sayang dan rasa aman</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">2)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Memerikan perhatian diantara anggota keluarga</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">3)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Membina pendewasaan kepribadian anggota keluarga</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">4)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Memberikan identitas keluarga</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Fungsi sosialisasi </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">1)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Membina sosialisasi pada anak</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">2)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Membentuk norma-norma tingkah laku sesuai dengan tingkat perkembangan anak.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">3)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Meneruskan nilai-nilai budaya keluarga</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Fungsi ekonomi</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">1)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mencari sumber-sumber penghasilan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan keluarga.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">2)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pengaturan penggunaan penghasilan keluarga untuk memenuhi kebutuhan keluarga.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">3)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Menabung untuk memenuhi kebutuhan-kebutuhan keluarga dimasa yang akan datang misalnya pendidikan anak-anak, jaminan hari tua dan sebagainya</span>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Fungsi pendidikan </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">1)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Menyekolahkan anak untuk memberikan pengetahuan keterampilan dan membentuk perilaku anak sesuai dengan bakat dan minat yang dimilikinya.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">2)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mempersiapkan anak untuk kehidupan dewasa yang akan datang dalam memenuhi peranannya sebagai orang dewasa.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">3)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mendidik anak sesuai dengan tingkat-tingkat perkembangannya.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Fungsi pokok keluarga terhadap anggota keluarga</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Asih</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Adalah memberikan kasih sayang, perhatian, rasa aman, kehangatan kepala anggota sehingga memungkinkan mereka tumbuh dan berkembang sesuai usia dan kebutuhannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Asuh </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Adalah menuju kebutuhan pemeliharaan dan perawatan anak agar kesalahannya selalu terpelihara, sehingga diharapkan menjadi mereka anak-anak yang sehat, baik fisik, sosial, mental dan spiritual.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Asah</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Adalah memenuhi kebutuhan pendidikan anak, sehingga siap menjadi manusia dewasa yang mandiri dalam mempersiapkan masa depannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">B.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Diabetes Mellitus<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pengertian/Definisi Diabetes Mellitus</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Diabetes mellitus merupakan sekelompok kelainan heterogen yang ditandai oleh kenaikan kadar glukosa dalam darah atau hiperglikemia (Brunner and Suddarth, 1997)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Diabetes mellitus merupakan suatu kelompok penyakit metabolik dengan karakteristik hiperglikemia yang terjadi kelainan sekresi insulin, kerja insulin atau kedua-duanya (Sidartawan Soegondo, 2002).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Diabetes mellitus merupakan penyakit gangguan metabolisme karbohidrat yang berlangsung kronis yang pada suatu saat dapat menyebabkan berbagai komplikasi yang bersifat kronis (medicastore com).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klsifikasi Diabetes Mellitus</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Klasifikasi diabetes mellitus menjadi 4 macam, yaitu: (Bruner and Suddarth, 2001).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Diabetes mellitus Tipe I (<u>I</u>DDM)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">1)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Definisi diabetes mellitus Tipe I</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Kecenderungan genetik ini ditemukan pada individu yang memiliki tipe antigen HLA (Human Leucocyte Antigen) tertentu. HLA merupakan kumpulan gen yang bertanggung jawab atas antigen tronsplantasi dan proses imun lainnya. Tipe HLA yang memungkinkan menyebabkan diabetes mellitus yaitu DR 3 atau DR 4.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">2)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Etiologi diabetes mellitus Tipe I</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Pada diabetes mellitus tipe I terdapat bukti adanya suatu responsautoimun. Respon ini merupakan respon abnormal dimana antibody terarah pada jaringan normal tubuh dengan cara bereaksi terhadap jaringan tersebut yang dianggapnya seolah-olah sebagai jaringan asing. Otoanti body terdapat sel-sel pulau longerhans dan insulin endogen (internal) terdeteksi pada saat diagnosis dibuat dan bahkan beberapa tahun sebelum timbulnya tanda-tanda klinis tipe I (Bruner and Suddarth, 2001).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">Penyelidikan masih dilakukan untuk menyelidiki kemungkinan faktor-faktor eksternal yang dapat memicu destruksi sel beta. Sebagai contoh, virus, atau toksin tertentu dapat memicu prosis autoimun yang menimbulkan destruksi sel beta.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Diabetes Mellitus Tipe II (NIDOM)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">1)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Definisi diabetes mellitus tipe II</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Diabetes mellitus tipe II yaitu diabetes yang tidak tergantung insulin. Diabetes mellitus II terjadi akibat penurunan sensitivitas terhadap insulin (yang disebut resistensi insuline) atau akibat penurunan jumlah produksi insulin. Diabetes mellitus tipe II paling sering ditemukan pada individu yang berusia lebih dari 30 tahun dan abesitas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Tipe diabetes mellitus ini disertai dengan keadaan yang diketahui atau dicurigai dapat menyebabkan penyakit misalnya kelainan hormonal obat-obatan seperti glukokortikoid dan preparat yang mengandung estrogen penyakit diabetes. Tipe penyakit ini bergantung pada kemampuan pancreas untuk menghasilkan insulin, pasien mungkin memerlukan terapi dengan obat oral atau insulin (Slamet Suryo, 2001).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">2)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Etiologi diabetes mellitus tipe II</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan diabetes mellitus tipe II antara lain:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Faktor-faktor genetik</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Faktor genetik diperkirakan memegang peranan dalam proses terjadinya inesistensi insulin.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Usia</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Resistensi insulin cenderung meningkat pada usia diatas 65 tahun.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Obesitas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Riwayat keluarga</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">e)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kelompok etnik</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">Di Amerika Serikat, golongan hipsonik serta penduduk asli Amerika tertentu memiliki kemungkinan yang lebih besar untuk terjadinya diabetes mellitus tipe II dibandingkan dengan golongan Afro-Amerika</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Gejala dan Tanda-tanda Awal Diabetes Mellitus (Imam Sabekti, 2002)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Adanya penyakit diabetes mellitus ini pada awalnya seringkali tidak dirasakan dan tidak disadari oleh penderita. Gejala klasik diabetes adalah rasa haus yang berlebihan, sering kencing terutama malam hari dan berat badan yang turun dengan cepat. Disamping itu kadang-kadang ada keluhan lemah, kesemutan pada jari tangan dan kaki, cepat lapar, gatal-gatal, penglihatan jadi kabur, gairah seks menurun, luka sukar sembuh dan pada ibu-ibu sering melahirkan bayi diatas 4 kg.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Kadang-kadang ada pasien yang pasien sendiri tidak merasakan adanya keluhan, hingga ada yang bertanya mengapa disebut dengan diabetes, hingga ada yang bertanya mengapa disebut dengan diabetes, padahal tidak ada keluhan. Mereka mengetahui adanya diabetes hanya karena pada saat check up ditemukan kadar glukosa darahnya tinggi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Beberapa keluhan dan gejala yang perlu mendapat perhatian ialah:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Keluhan klinik</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">1)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Penurunan Berat Badan (BB) dan rasa lemah</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Penurunan berat badan yang berlangsung dalam waktu relatif singkat harus menimbulkan kecurigaan. Rasa lemah hebat yang menyebabkan penurunan prestasi disekolah dan lapangan olah raga juga mencolok. Hal ini disebabkan glukosa dalam darah tidak dapat masuk ke dalam sel, sehingga sel kekurangan bahan bakar untuk menghasilkan tenaga.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">2)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Banyak kencing</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Karena sifatnya, kadar glukosa darah yang tinggi akan menyebabkan banyak kencing. Kencing yang sering dan dalam jumlah banyak akan sangat menggangu penderita, terutama pada waktu malam hari.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">3)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Banyak minum</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Rasa haus amat sering dialami oleh penderita karena banyaknya cairan yang keluar melalui kencing. Keadaan ini justru sering disalahartikan. Dikiranya sebab rasa haus ialah udara yang panas atau beben kerja yang berat. Untuk menghilangkan rasa haus itu penderita minum banyak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">4)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Banyak makan</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Kalori dari makanan yang dimakan, setelah dimotabolisasikan menjadi glukosa dalam darah tidak seluruhnya dapat dimanfaatkan, penderita selalu merasa lapar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Keluhan lain</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">1)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Gangguan saraf tepi/kesemutan</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Penderita mengeluh rasa sakit atau kesemutan terutama pada kaki di waktu malam, sehingga mengganggu tidur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">2)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Gangguan penglihatan</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Pada fase awal penyakit diabetes sering dijumpai gangguan penglihatan yang mendorong penderita untuk mengganti kacamatanya berulang kali agar ia tetap dapat melihat dengan baik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">3)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Gatal/bisul</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Kelainan bisel berupa gatal, biasanya terjadi didaerah kemaluan atau daerah lipatan kulit seperti ketika dan dibawah payudara. Sering pula dikeluhkan timbulnya bisul dan luka lecet karena sepatu atau tertusuk peniti.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">4)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Gangguan ereksi</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Gangguan ereksi ini menjadi masalah tersembunyi karena sering tidak secara terus terang dikemukakan penderitanya. Hal ini terkait dengan budaya masyarakat yang masih merasa tabu membicarakan maslah seks, apalagi menyangkut kemampuan atau kejantanan seseorang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">5)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Keputihan</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">Pada wanita keputihan dan gatal merupakan keluhan yang sering ditemukan dan kadang-kadang merupakan satu-satunya gejala yang dirasakan.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Faktor Pencetus</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Faktor bibit merupakan penyebab utama timbulnya penyakit diabetes disamping itu penyebab lain seperti infeksi, kehamilan dan obat-obatan. Tetapi meskipun demikian, pada orang dengan bibit diabetes, belumlah menjamin timbulnya penyakit diabetes. Masih mungkin bibit ini tidak menampakkan diri secara nyata sampai akhir hayatnya (Cristine Brooker, 2001).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Beberapa faktor yang dapat menyebabkan dan sering merupakan faktor pencetus diabetes mellitus ialah:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kurang gerak/malas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Makanan berlebihan</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kehamilan</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kekurangan produksi hormone insulin</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Penyakit hormone yang kerjanya berlawanan dengan insulin</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Faktor Penyebab</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Genetik</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Meskipun diabetes tergantung insulin banyak dijumpai pada keluarga, mekanisme pewarisan menurut hukum Mendel belum jelas penurunan ini diperkirakan autosmal dominan, resesif dan campuran tetapi tidak ada satupun yang sudah terbukti. Kecenderungan genetik mungkin dapat diterima tetapi bukan merupakan penyebab.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Analisis pohon keluarga menunjukkan prevalensi rendah transmisi vertikel langsung. Pada satu seri penelitian yang terdiri atas 35 keluarga yang didalamnya terdapat satu orang anak dengan diabetes.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kejadian lingkungan</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">Seperti sudah disebutkan sebelumnya, proporsi diabetes pada kamar monozigot tidak selalu ada (satu menderita diabetes, yang lain tidak), hal ini menunjukkan perlunya faktor nongenetik agar diabetes dapat nyata pada manusia. Pendapat serupa didapat dari kenyataan bahwa identitas HLA atau identitas tidak menunjang kejadian tersebut.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Upaya Pencegahan (Pradana Soewondo, 2002)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Untuk mencegah kegawatan yang lebih lanjut maka diperlukan upaya pencegahan terhadap koki diabetik antara lain:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Penyuluhan kesehatan</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Nutrisi yang baik mencegah diabetes mellitus</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksaan berkala bagi penderita</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pencegahan terhadap trauma </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US">Komplikasi Akut Diabetes Mellitus (A. Boedisantoso R. Imam Subekti, 2002)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hipoglikemia</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Hipoglikemia adalah keadaan klinik gangguan saraf yang disebabkan penurunan glukosa darah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">1)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Penyebab hipoglikemia adalah:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Makanan kurang dari aturan yang ditentukan</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berat badan turun</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sesudah olahraga</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sesudah melahirkan</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">e)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sembuh dari sakit</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">f)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Makan obat yang mempunyai sifat serupa</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">2)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tanda-tanda hipoglikemia</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Stadium parasimpatik: lapar, mual, tekanan darah turun</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Stadium gangguan otak ringan: lemah, lesu, sulit bicara kesulitan menghitung sederhana.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Stadium simpatik: keringat dingin pada muka terutama di hidung, bibir, atau tangan berdebar-debar.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Stadium gangguan otak berat: koma (tidak sadar) dengan atau tanpa kejang.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">3)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pencegahan hipoglima </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Untuk pasien yang menggunakan insulin.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sudahkan tepat dosis insulin</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Stadium gangguan otak ringan: lemah, lesu, sulit bicara, kesulitan menghitung sederhana.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Stadium simpatik: keringat dingin pada muka terutama di hidung, bibir, atau tangan berdebar-debar.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Stadium gangguan otak berat: koma (tidak sadar) dengan atau tanpa kejang.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">4)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pencegahan hipoglikemia </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Untuk pasien yang menggunakan insulin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sudahkah tepat dosis insulin</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Jangan menyuntik terlalu dalam, ingat hanya di bawah kulit, cubit kulit tanda, suntik sejajar bagian dasarnya.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kurangi dosis insulin bila ada perubahan seperti maka agak kurang, olahraga, sesudah operasi, melahirkan.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hiperglikemia</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Tanda khas dari hiperglikemia adalah kesadaran menurun disertai dehidrasi berat. Pada subkelompok KAD terdapat hiperglikemia berat dengan ketosis atau asiodis ringan. Patogenesis kedua jenis subkelompok berbeda hanya pada derajat defisiensi insulin. Pada dasarnya pengobatan kelompok hiperglikemia adalah pemberian cairan untuk mengatasi dehidrasi terutama bagi sub kelompok HNK. Pemberian cepat cairan NaCl ½ normal dengan insulin kecil akan memperbaiki keadaan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Terjadi pada wanita yang tidak menderita diabetes sebelum kehamilannya. Hiperglikemia terjadi selama kehamilan akibat sekresi hormone-hormon plasenta. Semua wanita hamil harus menjalani skring pada usia kehamilan 24 hingga 27 minggu untuk deteksi kemungkinan diabetes. Sesudah melahirkan bayi, kadar glukosa darah pada wanita yang menderita diabetes gestasional akan kembali normal. Walaupun begitu, banyak wanita yang mengalami diabetes gestasional ternyata dikemudian hari menderita diabetes tipe II.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Faktor yang mempengaruhi angka kematian hiperglikemia adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">1)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Terlambatnya ditegakkan diagnosis karena biasanya pasien dibawa setelah koma.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">2)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pasien belum tahu mengidap diabetes.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">3)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sering ditemukan bersama-sama dengan komplikasi lain yang berat misalnya: sepsis, renjatan, infark miokard dan DVD.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">4)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kurangnya fasilitas laboratorium yang menunjang suksesnya penatalaksanaan ketoasidosis.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">5)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kurang ketrampilan menangani kasus-kasus ketoasiodosis karena belum adanya protokol yang baik</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Microangiopathi</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Mecoangiopathi adalah penyakit akibat adanya penebalan membran-membran dasar kapiler dan artioles. Ada beberapa bagian yang sering pengaruh antara lain mata, ginjal, dan kulit. Bagian-bagian yang sering terkena:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">1)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Retinopati diabetik</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Kebutuhan pada penderita diabetes mellitus seringkali sebagai akibat perubahan microvaskuler pada retina.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">2)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Nefrotik diobetik</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Salah satu akibat utama dari perubahan-perubahan microvaskuler adalah perubahan struktur dan fungsi ginjal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">3)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Neuropati diabetik</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Diabetes dapat mempengaruhi syaraf-syaraf perifer, sistem syaraf otonomi, medulaspinalis atau sistem syaraf pusat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">4)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Otot-otot dan kulit</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Perubahan biokimia dalam jaringan syaraf akan mengganggu kegiatan metabolik sel-sel sehawann dan menyebabkan kehilangan akson.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Macroangiopathi</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">Macroangipathi adalah kelainan pada pembuluh-pembuluh darah berukuran sedang dan besar.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Asidosis laktat</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Asidosis laktat adalah suatu keadaan gangguan keseimbangan asam basa darah yang tandai dengan kenaikan kadar asam laktat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">f.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Infeksi pada penderita mellitus cenderung mendapatkan infeksi:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">Hal tersebut dikarenakan pada diabetes mellitus terjadi:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level6 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">(1)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Daya bunuh bakteri menurun, khususnya sel fagosit</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level6 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US">(2)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Banyak terjadi keton bodies yang sifatnya menghambat bakterio static dari asam laktat akibat laktor imunologi</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #444444;"><o:p> BAB III</o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #444444;">TINJAUAN KASUS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Proses asuhan keperawatan<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">Kasus :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="pj" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span class="nw"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Keluarga Tn. X( 30 Tahun ) mempunyai istri Ny. H ( 26 th ) Anak K ( 1tahun) dan Ib C 50 th . Hasil wawancara dengan keluarga anaknya sudahdiimunisasi lengkap sambil menunjukkan kartu sehat. Selama ini anaknya hanyasakit batuk pilekbiasa,cukup dibawah kebidan sudah sembuh. Tetapi akhir-akhir ini keluarga sedikit pusing memikirkan ibunya , karena 3 bulan yang laluibunya dinyatakan positifkencing manis ( DM )ibu tidak bisa kontrol teraturkepuskesmaskarena yang mengantarkan tidak adaTn. X dan istrinya kerja,tetapi obatnya supaya tidak habisdibelikan obat diapotik terdekat sesuai fotocopi resep dokter.Hasil observasi jari kaki ibu C sebelah kiri terdapat luka</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">kecil sudah 3 minggubelum sembuh. Pemeriksaan glukotest+ 3</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;">Pengkajian<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;">Data Umum<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;">Nama</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;">: Tn. X<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;">Umu</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;">r </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">: 30 tahun</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">Alamat</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">:</span> ungaran, semarang<span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">e.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Pekerjaan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">: Swasta</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">f.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Pendidikan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>SMA<span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;">g.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">Komposisi Keluarga</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">:</span> Ayah, ibu dan 2 orang anak<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">h.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">Tipe</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">: keluarga Inti<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">i.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">Suk</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">u </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">:Jawa – Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">j.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">Agam</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">: Islam<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">k.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">Status Sosial ekonomi keluarga:Suami – Isteri bekerja<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">l.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">Aktivitas rekrereasi keluarga</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">:</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> Nonton televisi</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; letter-spacing: 0.85pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span class="ff1"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;">Riwayat Tahap Perkembangan Keluarga .</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Tahap perkembangan saat ini. :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">Keluarga beradapada tahap perkembangan keluarga</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">dengan anak pra</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span class="nw"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">Tahap perkembangan keluarga yang belum terpenuhi :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span class="nw"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Keluarga belum memiliki anak sekolah sehingga tugas perkembangan belumada tetapi tugas keluarga yang belum terpenuhi adalah mempertahankankesehatan Ny. Cyang sakit DM terutama untk mengontrol dan perawatan diri3.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Riwayat </span></span><span lang="EN-US">kesehatan<span class="nw"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> keluarga :</span></span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Anak-anak Tn. Xsudah diimunisasi lengkap,jika sakit batuk pilek dibawah keBidan. Ibu C ( Mertua ) menderita DMsejak 3 bulan yang lalu tetapi tidakdapat kontrol secara teratur di Puskesmas</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">karena tidak ada yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">mengantarkannya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">Kaki kiri Ibu C terdapat luka sudah 3 minggu belum sembuh.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span class="ff1"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;">Fungsi</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> Keluarga.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="pj" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.75pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span class="nw"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Keluarga selalu memperhatikan kesehatan keluarganya,setiap anaknyasakit batuk,pilek dibawah kebidan dan anaknya sudah diimunisasilengkap.Tetapi pemanfaatan sarana kesehtan ( Puskesmas)masih sangat kurang .Ibunya yang menderita DMhanya dibelikan obat di apotik saja sesuai kopiresep dokter dan ibu tidak bias kontrol teratur ke puskesmas. Hal ini karena Tn.X dan istrinya bekerja sehingga tidak ada yang mengantarkan.</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Stress</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span class="ff1"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;">dan</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Koping</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Keluarga</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Keluargasedikit pusing memikirkan Ibunya,karena sejak 3 bulan yang lalu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Ibunya dinyatakan positifmenderita kencing manis (DM ).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Ibunya tidak bias</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">kontrol secara teratur ke puskesmaskarena tidak ada yang mengantarkan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Kemampuan keluarga merespon terhadap stressor.<br />
Keluarga hanya bias membeli obat di apotiksesuai dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">resep dokter.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Strategi koping yang digunakan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Keluarga Tn. Xmembeliobat untuk ibu C di apotiksesuai foto kopi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">resep</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">dokter.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Ø<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span class="ff1"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;">Pemeriksaan</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fisik</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span class="nw"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Pemeriksaan fisikdilakukan pada setiap anggota keluarga yang sakit.PadaIbu Cdidapatkkanjari kaki sebelah kiriterdapat lukakecil dan sudah 3</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">minggu belum sembuh . Pemeriksaan glukotest +3.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span class="ff1"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;">Diagnosa Keperawatan.</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Resiko tinggi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">kerusakan integritas kulit yang meluas</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">berhubungan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">dengan kurangnya perawatan kesehatan oleh keluarga Tn. X<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Resiko </span></span><span lang="EN-US">terjadinya<span class="nw"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> komplikasi menahun diabetes mellitus ibu C</span></span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">keluargaTn. X</span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">berhubungan dengan ketidakmampuan</span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">keluarga</span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">merawat</span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">anggota keluarga yang sakit.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Perubahan pemeliharaan kesehatan ibu C</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">berhubungan dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">pembagian peran tidak efektif.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><b>Perencanaan</b></span></div><blockquote><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"></span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; text-align: justify; width: 603px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.5pt;" valign="top" width="41"><blockquote><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">No </span></blockquote></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 137.95pt;" valign="top" width="184"><blockquote><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">Kriteria</span></blockquote></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.75pt;" valign="top" width="109"><blockquote><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">perhitungan</span></blockquote></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="top" width="70"><blockquote><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">Sekor</span></blockquote></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.25pt;" valign="top" width="199"><blockquote><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">pembenaran</span></blockquote></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.5pt;" valign="top" width="41"><blockquote><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">1</span></blockquote></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 137.95pt;" valign="top" width="184"><blockquote><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">Sifat masalah</span></blockquote></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.75pt;" valign="top" width="109"><blockquote><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">2/3x1</span></blockquote></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="top" width="70"><blockquote><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">2/3</span></blockquote></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.25pt;" valign="top" width="199"><blockquote><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">Pada penderita DM apabila tidak mendapatkan perawatan dan pengobatan secara teratur akan berdampak pada komplikasi menahun DM.</span></blockquote></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.5pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 137.95pt;" valign="top" width="184"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">Kemungkinan masalah dapat diubah<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.75pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">2/2x2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.25pt;" valign="top" width="199"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">Sumber dan tindakan dapat dijangkau oleh keluarga<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.5pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 137.95pt;" valign="top" width="184"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">Potensi masalah untuk dicegah<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.75pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">2/3x1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">2/3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.25pt;" valign="top" width="199"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">Keluarga mempunyai dana dan kemampuan intelektual bila diberikan penyuluhan tentang penyakit DM.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.5pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 137.95pt;" valign="top" width="184"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">Menonkolnya masalah<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.75pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">2/2x1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.25pt;" valign="top" width="199"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">Keluarga menyadari adanya masalah tetapi keluarga kurang menyadari dampak apabila ada anggota keluarga yang sakit tidak dikontrol secara teratur.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.5pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 137.95pt;" valign="top" width="184"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">Total skor<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.75pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">41/3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.25pt;" valign="top" width="199"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span class="ff3"><b><span lang="EN-US">Prioritas Diagnosa keperawatan</span></b></span><span class="ff4"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444;">1.Resiko tinggi kerusakan integritas kulit yang luas Ibu C .<o:p></o:p></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; line-height: 24px;">2.Resiko terjadinua komplikasi menahun diabetes mellitus</span><br />
<div class="fullpost"></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script src="http://kumpulblogger.com/dam.php?b=159776" type="text/javascript">
</script></div>Purchonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17594341849580468860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1035937381843000578.post-79793785160068026702011-07-01T22:36:00.000-07:002011-07-01T22:36:31.586-07:00Artisteer 3 Full VersionSahabat blogger, kali ini saya akan memosting software yang biasa di gunakan oleh orang-orang untuk mendisain blog, wordpres, web dan lain sebagainya. <div class="fullpost"></div><div>Artisteer adalah sebuah software yang bisa kita gunakan untuk membuat template baik pada blog maupun web kita dengan sesuka hati kita. Cara membuat template dengan software ini sangat gampang. Kita tidak perlu susah-susah karena semuanya sudah disediakan di software ini. jika kalian mengalami kesulitan untuk mendisain, kalian bisa cari di google. Banyak web maupun blog yang membahas tentang cara penggunaan software ini. atau jika kalian kesulitan, kalian bisa hubungi saya <a href="http://www.facebook.com/edy.purchon">di sini</a>.</div><div>Ini sekilas gambar tentang srtisteer, mungkin bisa memberikan gambara buat kalian.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-axqQQ_bHwf0/Tg6smK3IvoI/AAAAAAAAAF4/xqWJSzxqXmk/s1600/artisteer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="236" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-axqQQ_bHwf0/Tg6smK3IvoI/AAAAAAAAAF4/xqWJSzxqXmk/s320/artisteer.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div>Semoga ini bisa bermanfaat untuk kalian.</div><div><br />
</div><div><b>Silahkan download softwarenya <a href="http://www.artshade.ro/Artisteer3artshade.zip">di sini</a></b></div><div><b>Untuk cracknya silahkan download <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/14450210/Keygenartisteer3.rar.html">di sini</a></b></div><div><br />
</div><div>Sebenarnya didalamnya sudah ada cara untuk menjadikan software ini full version, tapi agar lebih mudah lagi saya sertakan cracknya. Kalo kalian pintar pasti mengerti bagaimana cara menjadikan software ini menjadi full version menggunakan cracknya.</div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script src="http://kumpulblogger.com/dam.php?b=159776" type="text/javascript">
</script></div>Purchonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17594341849580468860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1035937381843000578.post-1250725593052126582011-07-01T08:42:00.000-07:002011-07-01T10:10:07.659-07:00Cheat Spesial Jounin Menggunakan Cheat engine<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MKdijZn3YKI/Tg3qHfBvbTI/AAAAAAAAAF0/TLAviv1gmrg/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MKdijZn3YKI/Tg3qHfBvbTI/AAAAAAAAAF0/TLAviv1gmrg/s320/images.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></b></div><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></b></span></b></div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Peralatan tempur</span></b><br />
<div class="fullpost"></div><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Cheat Engine. Silahkan download <a href="http://cheatengine.org/download/CheatEngine61.exe">di sini</a></span></b></div><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Brain</span></b></div><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Mozilla</span></b></div><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></b></div><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Caranya:</span></b></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. Buka cheat Engine kalian</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Pilih browser kalian ( klik yang ada gambar komputer) lalu pilih plugin container</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. Masuk ke ninja saga kalian dan masuk ke misi tapi jangan dimaenin dulu</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4. Kembali ke cheat engine kalian lalu ganti value menjadi teks</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5. Lalu masukkan kode missi yang kalian ingin selesaikan. Misal missi stage 2 chapter 2 "mission_206" tanpa tanda petik.</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5. Kemudian pilih first scan.</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6. Nanti akan muncul 1 addres kemudian kalian klik 2 kali addres tersebut sehingga pindah ke bawah.</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7. Ganti valuenya menjadi mission_124 (klik 2 kali pada kode missi yang ada di paling kanan addres yang kalian klik ke bawah tadi)</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">8. Mainkan misi kalian dan misi tersebut akan berubah menjadi boneka dummy.</span></div><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></b></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Ini kode misi spesial jounin.</b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Stage 1 Chapter 1 - The Force of Yami - mission_200</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Stage 1 Chapter 2 - Unpredicted Attack - mission_205</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Stage 2 Chapter 1 - Front Line Battle - mission_202</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Stage 2 Chapter 2 - Defense! Defense! - mission_206</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Stage 3 Chapter 1 - Sensor Division - mission_203</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Stage 3 Chapter 2 - Call For Backup - mission_207</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Stage 4 Chapter 1 - Secret Training - mission_204</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Stage 4 Chapter 2 - Swords vs Ninjutsu - mission_208</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Stage 5 Chapter 1 - Medical Division - mission_201</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Stage 5 Chapter 2 - Time To Flight Back - mission_209</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Stage 6 Chapter 1 - The Release Beast - mission_210</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Stage 6 Chapter 2 - Kage vs Kage - mission_211</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Last Stage - Beyond Kage's Power - mission_212</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br />
</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>NB:</b> Silahkan kalian simpan kode-kode tersebut untuk menyelesaikan ujian spesial jounin selanjutnya.</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br />
</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Gunakan cheat sebaik-baiknya dan jangan memperjualbelikan cheat.</span></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script src="http://kumpulblogger.com/dam.php?b=159776" type="text/javascript">
</script></div>Purchonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17594341849580468860noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1035937381843000578.post-14055831161907599762011-06-30T22:03:00.000-07:002011-07-02T11:12:27.558-07:00All Special Jounin Instant Mission<div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T53_eWv0uyE/Tg1UxwVmFuI/AAAAAAAAADk/hu5c0ZhkkKM/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T53_eWv0uyE/Tg1UxwVmFuI/AAAAAAAAADk/hu5c0ZhkkKM/s1600/images.jpg" /></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ini cheat ngammbil dr sebelah. kebetulan nongol di wall saya. ok langsung saja g pake basa basi.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Peralatan tempur:</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">- <a href="http://www.fiddlertool.com/fiddler/version.asp" style="letter-spacing: 1px;">Fiddler</a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">- <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/15542078/AllMissionSpecialJouninInstant.rar.html">SWF File</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div></div></div></div></div><div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><div><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Caranya :</span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">1. Download dulu fiddler</span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">2. Kemudian Install Fiddler<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1035937381843000578&postID=1961754069172369573" name="more" style="letter-spacing: 1px; text-decoration: underline;"></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">3. Baru jalankan Fiddler</span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">4. Klik Tab AutoResponder (yg icon-nya petir hijau)</span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">5. Centang kotak "Enable automatic responses" dan juga "Permit passthrough for unmatched request"</span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">6. Jatuhkan .SWF File yang kamu download tadi ke kolom AutoResponder</span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">7. Masuk ke Ninja Saga</span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">8. Setelah itu bersihkan chace</span><br />
9.Baru pilih karakter yang akan kamu mainkan<br />
<ol></ol></div></div></div></div></div></div><span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
<ol style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></ol><ol style="border-collapse: collapse; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18px; list-style-position: inside; margin: 1em 0px 1em 12px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span> </ol><div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><div><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Cara Menghapus chace :</span></b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: small; line-height: 13px;">- untuk Mozilla Firefox : Tools -> Options -> Advanced -> Pilih Network Tab -> Clear Now -> Klik OK</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: small; line-height: 13px;">- Untuk Google Chrome : Pilih icon yang berada di pojok kanan atas (sebelah bintang) -> Options -> Under the Hood -> Clear Browsing Data -> Empty the cache -> Clear Browsing Data</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: small; line-height: 13px;"><br />
</span></div><div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Caranya pemakaian:</span></b></div></div><div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kalian tinggal masuk ke spesial jounin tinggal klik Start. Nanti otomatis akan selesai dengan sendirinya.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;">NB: Hati-hati menggunakan cheat instan mission karena resikonya besar. gunakan cheat ini dengan sebaik-baiknya dan jangan memperjual belikan cheat.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;">Credited by: GUS HACKER SENOSCI (CNSB)</span></div></div><div class="fullpost" style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script src="http://kumpulblogger.com/dam.php?b=159776" type="text/javascript">
</script></div>Purchonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17594341849580468860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1035937381843000578.post-19617540691723695732011-06-24T12:21:00.000-07:002011-07-01T02:01:05.073-07:00Cheat Special Jounin Ninja Saga Stage 1 Chapter 2<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-O0MyFx_W1JY/TgTiwd7hnZI/AAAAAAAAADg/0pXdZaAlEWc/s1600/2011-06-25_021435.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="197" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-O0MyFx_W1JY/TgTiwd7hnZI/AAAAAAAAADg/0pXdZaAlEWc/s200/2011-06-25_021435.png" width="200" /></a></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><br />
</b></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Ini cheat ngammbil dr sebelah. kebetulan nongol di wall saya. ok langsung saja g pake basa basi.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b>Peralatan :</b><br />
<b>- </b><a href="http://www.fiddlertool.com/fiddler/version.asp">Fiddler</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/15472364/Stage1Chapter2.rar.html">SWF File</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b>Caranya :</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><ol style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><li>Download dulu fiddler</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;">Kemudian Install Fiddler<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1035937381843000578&postID=1961754069172369573" name="more"></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;">Baru jalankan Fiddler</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;">Klik Tab AutoResponder (yg icon-nya petir hijau)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;">Centang kotak "Enable automatic responses" dan juga "Permit passthrough for unmatched request"</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;">Jatuhkan .SWF File yang kamu download tadi ke kolom AutoResponder</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;">Masuk ke Ninja Saga</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;">Setelah itu bersihkan chace</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;">Baru pilih karakter yang akan kamu mainkan</li>
</ol><div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b>Cara Menghapus chace :</b><br />
<b>- </b>Untuk Mozilla Firefox : Tools -> Options -> Advanced -> Pilih Network Tab -> Clear Now -> Klik OK<br />
- Untuk Google Chrome : Pilih icon yang berada di pojok kanan atas (sebelah bintang) -> Options -> Under the Hood -> Clear Browsing Data -> Empty the cache -> Clear Browsing Data<br />
<br />
</div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b>Caranya :</b></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Kalian tinggal masuk ke <i><b>Misi Stage 1 Chapter 2</b></i>, tinggal klik Start. Nanti otomatis akan selesai dengan sendirinya.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Credited by : Marx lefora & Gamay.</div></div><div class="fullpost"></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script src="http://kumpulblogger.com/dam.php?b=159776" type="text/javascript">
</script></div>Purchonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17594341849580468860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1035937381843000578.post-20441351181776098262011-06-24T05:23:00.000-07:002011-06-24T05:36:54.847-07:00IDM6.06 Beta<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Sebelumnya saya share tentang Cheat Ninja Saga. tapi kali ini saya akan share sedikit berbeda. Kali ini saya akan share software download. Banyak situs-situs yang sudah share software ini.</span><br />
<div class="fullpost"></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Internet download manager atau sering di sebut IDM ini banyak di pakai oleh orang-orang untuk di paki download filem atau software. Tapi banyak juga IDM yang tidak di sertakan dengan SN nya. tapi tenang saja saya sudah menyertakan patch/cracknya dan IDM ini bisa menjadi full version.</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Cara agar IDM kalian menjadi Full Version: </span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">- Extrack file yang sudah kalian download</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">- Kemudian kalian copy patchnya ke program file (program file IDM kalian)</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">- Kemudian paste patch tersebut.</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">- klik 2 kali patch yang kalian paste td terus klik patch.</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">- Tunggu sampe prosesnya selesai.</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">- Treeeng IDM kalian sudah menjadi Full Version.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">NB: sebelum meng extack IDMnya antivirusnya dimatikan terlebih dahulu karena patchnya terdeteksi virus padahal bukan virus.</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/downloadlink/15466781/IDM.6.06.Beta.Incl.Keygen.zip"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Silahkan download IDMnya di sini</span></a></div><div><br />
</div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script src="http://kumpulblogger.com/dam.php?b=159776" type="text/javascript">
</script></div>Purchonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17594341849580468860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1035937381843000578.post-49794418053379997802011-06-15T08:54:00.000-07:002011-06-15T09:00:10.692-07:00NEW CHEAT (Credited By TheReiko Flash Pro)<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9X6fythOTl0/TfjVi9K_vrI/AAAAAAAAAC0/x2qjmJZNdkg/s1600/ninja-saga-cheats-and-hacks.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9X6fythOTl0/TfjVi9K_vrI/AAAAAAAAAC0/x2qjmJZNdkg/s1600/ninja-saga-cheats-and-hacks.jpg" /></a></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;">Ini adalah cheat terbaru yang di keluarkan oleh TheReiko Flash Pro. Saya g mau panjang lebar langsung saja ke lokasi.</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><b>Peralatan:</b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><b>- <a href="http://www.fiddler2.com/fiddler/version.asp">fiddler</a></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><b>- <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/15368216/TheReikoV.3.zip.html">Swf</a></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><b>Feature:</b></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;">1. Unlimited Share Gift</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;">2. Automatic Kill Boss</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;">3. Instant Jounin & Chunin</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;">4. Automatic leveling Char & Pet<br />
5. Upgrade Char Dewa (menambah point elemet menjati 100)</span></span><br />
<div class="fullpost"></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;"><br />
</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;"><b>Cara penggunaan:</b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;">1. Buka NS Kamu Tapi Jangan Di Play Dulu<br />
2. Buka Fiddler Lalu Drag/Tarik File yang Sudah Di Download (Setiap Isi Folder Sudah Merupakan 1 Paket, Jangan Di Jadikan 1 Dengan Isi Folder Lain)<br />
3. Clear Cache Browser Mozilla Kamu (Tools > Clear Recent History > Centang Cache Saja > Clear Now)<br />
4. Click Force On Pada Bagian Kanan Bawah Browser (Khusus Mozilla)<br />
5. Refresh NS Kamu<br />
6. Lalu Click Play NS Kamu<br />
7. Masuk Shop</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;">8. Silahkan beli item yang kalian mau.</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><br />
</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script src="http://kumpulblogger.com/dam.php?b=159776" type="text/javascript">
</script></div>Purchonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17594341849580468860noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1035937381843000578.post-60582928582491246742011-06-14T03:49:00.000-07:002011-06-14T03:49:38.478-07:00Cheat Dummy Mission<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-20foSTNeUoY/Tfc6AqM2uoI/AAAAAAAAACo/zD7vi1SwjoE/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-20foSTNeUoY/Tfc6AqM2uoI/AAAAAAAAACo/zD7vi1SwjoE/s1600/images.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #363636; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; line-height: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><b>Peralatan:</b></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; line-height: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><b>- <a href="http://www.fiddler2.com/fiddler/version.asp" style="color: #99050c; letter-spacing: 1px; text-decoration: underline;">Fiddler</a></b></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; line-height: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><b>- <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/15355997/onehitmission-byedy.rar.html">swf</a></b></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; line-height: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><b><br />
</b></span></b></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; line-height: 18px;">Caranya:</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; line-height: 18px;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; line-height: 18px;"></span></b></span><br />
<ol style="color: #222222; line-height: 18px; list-style-position: inside; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 12px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: visible; overflow-y: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Download dulu Fiddler</span></li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: visible; overflow-y: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kemudian Install Fiddler<b><a href="http://blog-cheaters-edy.blogspot.com/" name="more" style="color: #2288bb; letter-spacing: 1px; text-decoration: none;"></a></b></span></li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: visible; overflow-y: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Baru jalankan Fiddler </span></li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: visible; overflow-y: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Klik Tab AutoResponder (yg icon-nya petir hijau)</span></li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: visible; overflow-y: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Centang kotak "Enable automatic responses" dan juga "Permit passthrough for unmatched request"</span></li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: visible; overflow-y: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jatuhkan .SWF File yang kamu download tadi ke kolom AutoResponder</span></li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: visible; overflow-y: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Masuk ke Ninja Saga</span></li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: visible; overflow-y: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Setelah itu bersihkan chace</span></li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: visible; overflow-y: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Baru pilih karakter yang akan kamu mainkan</span></li>
</ol><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 18px;"><div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Cara Menghapus chace :</b></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"><ol><li>Untuk Mozilla Firefox : Tools -> Options -> Advanced -> Pilih Network Tab -> Clear Now -> Klik OK</li>
<li>Untuk Google Chrome : Pilih icon yang berada di pojok kanan atas (sebelah bintang) -> Options -> Under the Hood -> Clear Browsing Data -> Empty the cache -> Clear Browsing Data</li>
</ol><div><b>Cara Pemakaian:</b></div><div>Kalian tinggal masuk ke missi lalu maenkan missi yang kalian ingin selesaikan.</div><div><br />
</div><div><b>NB:</b></div><div>Cheat ini jg bisa di gunakan untuk ujian chunin dan junin</div></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px;"><br />
</span></span></div><br />
<div class="fullpost"></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script src="http://kumpulblogger.com/dam.php?b=159776" type="text/javascript">
</script></div>Purchonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17594341849580468860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1035937381843000578.post-5675647407496226572011-06-14T03:29:00.000-07:002011-07-01T02:01:53.764-07:00Cheat Gold<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TCTroHleJ5I/Tfc45jD5-OI/AAAAAAAAACk/k7r-xlwbiyo/s1600/images+tewjpg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TCTroHleJ5I/Tfc45jD5-OI/AAAAAAAAACk/k7r-xlwbiyo/s1600/images+tewjpg.jpg" /></a></div><br />
Peralatan:<br />
<div class="fullpost"></div><div>- <a href="http://www.fiddler2.com/fiddler/version.asp">Fiddler</a></div><div>- <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/15355839/Gold.rar.html">SWF</a></div><div><br />
</div><div><b>Caranya:</b></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br />
<ol style="font-weight: normal;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Download dulu Fiddler</span></li>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;">Kemudian Install Fiddler<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1035937381843000578&postID=567564740749622657" name="more"></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;">Baru jalankan Fiddler</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;">Klik Tab AutoResponder (yg icon-nya petir hijau)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;">Centang kotak "Enable automatic responses" dan juga "Permit passthrough for unmatched request"</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;">Jatuhkan .SWF File yang kamu download tadi ke kolom AutoResponder</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;">Masuk ke Ninja Saga</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;">Setelah itu bersihkan chace</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;">Baru pilih karakter yang akan kamu mainkan</li>
</span></ol><div><div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b>Cara Menghapus chace :</b></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b>- </b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Untuk Mozilla Firefox : Tools -> Options -> Advanced -> Pilih Network Tab -> Clear Now -> Klik OK</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">- Untuk Google Chrome : Pilih icon yang berada di pojok kanan atas (sebelah bintang) -> Options -> Under the Hood -> Clear Browsing Data -> Empty the cache -> Clear Browsing Data</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br />
</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Cara pemakaian:</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Masuk ke ninja saga kalian lalu masuk ke mission, pilih hardworking student maka kalian akan mendapatkan senjata Pratis Naginata. Kalian bisa menjualnya di shop untuk mendapatkan gold.</span></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script src="http://kumpulblogger.com/dam.php?b=159776" type="text/javascript">
</script></div>Purchonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17594341849580468860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1035937381843000578.post-85813009387431937342011-06-13T07:44:00.000-07:002011-06-14T03:22:29.250-07:00Cheat one hit kill bos<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b></b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><b><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BOCzKNv4-vU/TfYhpyGaz3I/AAAAAAAAAAY/FoP1i5gChN4/s1600/2011-06-13_212358.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="183" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BOCzKNv4-vU/TfYhpyGaz3I/AAAAAAAAAAY/FoP1i5gChN4/s320/2011-06-13_212358.png" width="320" /></a></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; line-height: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><b><br />
</b></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; line-height: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><b>Peralatan:</b></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; line-height: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><b>- <a href="http://www.fiddler2.com/fiddler/version.asp">Fiddler</a></b></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; line-height: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><b>- <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/15345890/HUNTINGHOUSE-byedy.rar.html">swf</a></b></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; line-height: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><b><br />
</b></span></b></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; line-height: 18px;">Caranya:</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; line-height: 18px;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; line-height: 18px;"><br />
</span></b></span><br />
<ol style="color: #222222; line-height: 18px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Download dulu Fiddler</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kemudian Install Fiddler<b><a href="http://blog-cheaters-edy.blogspot.com/" name="more" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration: none;"></a></b></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Baru jalankan Fiddler </span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Klik Tab AutoResponder (yg icon-nya petir hijau)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Centang kotak "Enable automatic responses" dan juga "Permit passthrough for unmatched request"</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jatuhkan .SWF File yang kamu download tadi ke kolom AutoResponder</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Masuk ke Ninja Saga</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Setelah itu bersihkan chace</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Baru pilih karakter yang akan kamu mainkan</span></li>
</ol><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 18px;"><div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cara Menghapus chace :</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><ul style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2.5em; padding-right: 2.5em; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Untuk Mozilla Firefox : Tools -> Options -> Advanced -> Pilih Network Tab -> Clear Now -> Klik OK</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Untuk Google Chrome : Pilih icon yang berada di pojok kanan atas (sebelah bintang) -> Options -> Under the Hood -> Clear Browsing Data -> Empty the cache -> Clear Browsing Data</span></li>
</ul><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">Cara pemakaian:</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">- Setelah kalian memasukkan file SWF lalu masuk ke Ninja Saga dan pilih boss yang mau dilawan.</span></span></div><span class="fullpost"> </span><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script src="http://kumpulblogger.com/dam.php?b=159776" type="text/javascript">
</script></div>Purchonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17594341849580468860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1035937381843000578.post-82064588065759715502011-06-13T06:27:00.000-07:002011-06-13T08:21:09.551-07:00Cheat Ninja Saga 6 char+keperluan Emblem<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TeR3vTdI3zA/TfYFFWUl20I/AAAAAAAAAAM/txZf62PhdcQ/s1600/2011-06-11_150932.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="187" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TeR3vTdI3zA/TfYFFWUl20I/AAAAAAAAAAM/txZf62PhdcQ/s320/2011-06-11_150932.png" width="320" /></span></a></div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Peralatan </span></b><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- <a href="http://www.fiddler2.com/fiddler/version.asp">fiddler</a></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/15345133/6char-byedy.rar.html">swf file</a></span><br />
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Caranya:</span></b><br />
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<ol style="font-weight: normal;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Download dulu Fiddler</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kemudian Install Fiddler<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1035937381843000578&postID=8206458806575971550" name="more"></a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Baru jalankan Fiddler</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Klik Tab AutoResponder (yg icon-nya petir hijau)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Centang kotak "Enable automatic responses" dan juga "Permit passthrough for unmatched request"</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jatuhkan .SWF File yang kamu download tadi ke kolom AutoResponder</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Masuk ke Ninja Saga</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Setelah itu bersihkan chace</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Baru pilih karakter yang akan kamu mainkan</span></li>
</ol><div style="font-weight: normal;"><div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cara Menghapus chace :</span></b></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><ul style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2.5em; padding-right: 2.5em; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Untuk Mozilla Firefox : Tools -> Options -> Advanced -> Pilih Network Tab -> Clear Now -> Klik OK</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Untuk Google Chrome : Pilih icon yang berada di pojok kanan atas (sebelah bintang) -> Options -> Under the Hood -> Clear Browsing Data -> Empty the cache -> Clear Browsing Data</span></li>
</ul><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cara Pemakaiannya:</span></b></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. Setelah swf kalian masukkan ke fiddler clear chace kalian</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Buka ninja saga kalian</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. Treneneng char kalian premium.</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>NB</b>: Kalo kalian mau beli baju atau senjata emblem jg bisa tapi harus punya token sesuai yang di butuhkan untuk membeli barang tersebut.</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
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</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gunakanlah cheat dengan hati-hati, jangan sampai char kalian kena banned</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script src="http://kumpulblogger.com/dam.php?b=159776" type="text/javascript">
</script></div>Purchonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17594341849580468860noreply@blogger.com0